(在机会成本递增的情况下.pptVIP

Extend the Ricardo’s Model 一、Review the Assumptions of Ricardo’s Model 二、Loose those assumptions and see what will happen to Ricardo’s model 三、Summary 四、Reference Books 五、Exercise Review the Assumptions One input: Labor(L) Two outputs Two countries Costs are constant and there are no economies of scale. Factors of production are perfectly mobile. Goods are identical. Perfect knowledge. No transport costs. No tariffs or other trade barriers Loose the Assumptions(1) Loose the Assumptions(2) Loose the Assumptions(3) International Trade under Increasing Opportunity Cost Autarky The Patten of Production and Trade Comparison Conclusion Autarky The Patten of Production and Trade Comparison Conclusion The principle of comparative advantage is still effective under the increasing opportunity cost.However, pure specialization is impossible. (在机会成本递增的情况下，两国仍然按照比较优势原则进行贸易；但此时，两国只能进行不完全分工）。 Loose the Assumptions(4) Loose the Assumptions(5) Loose the Assumptions(6) Loose the Assumptions(8) Loose the Assumptions(9) Summary 放宽李嘉图模型的某些假设，并不会对比较优势原则造成实质性的影响，只是增加了国际贸易的交易成本，形成了不完全分工，减少了国际贸易的数量。 但是，产品同质性和不存在规模经济等假设的放宽，则是部门内贸易理论和规模经济贸易理论等现代贸易理论产生的基础。 Increasing Transaction Costs What is transaction costs? —— expense of searching for a trading partner, specifying the product(s) to be traded, negotiating the price and contract,and the ex post costs. Who find the “transaction costs”? Reasons of transaction costs especially in IT Imperfect Information(Knowledge) Transport Cost Trade Barrier Political Risk Ronald H. Coase Imperfect Specialization Increasing Opportunity Cost Transaction Costs The Size of Trader The existence of more than one factor of production reduce the tendency toward specialization(Talk about it later) Trade Between Big Country and Small Country 在李嘉图的两国贸易模型中，一个隐含的假设是，两国的规模大小相似。因此，在自由贸易的情况下，两国各自放弃不拥有比较优势的产品而将所有的资源用于生产本国拥有比较优势的产品。但在现实世界中，贸易中两国的大小可能相差很大，比如中国与斯里兰卡相比，无论是人口还是土地面积，前者都是后者的上百倍。即使中国有生产小麦的比较优势，斯里兰卡有生产大米的比较优势，两国进行自由贸易，中国也不可