上海交大_生物化学_课件_CHAPTER2.pptVIP

protein modification and cleavage修饰 confer new capabilities many of the set of 20 AA can be modified after synthesis of a polypeptide chain to enhance its capabilities N-terminal of many proteins are acetylated 乙酰化, which makes them more resistant to degradation 许多蛋白的N端被乙酰化,从而具有较强的抗(被蛋白酶)降解能力 In newly synthesized collagen胶原, many proline residues become hydroxylated to form hydroxyproline 羟晡氨酸(stabilize the fiber) Vc deficiency → insufficient hydroxylation of collagen → scurvy 坏血病 VK deficiency → insufficientγ-carboxyglutamate γ羧基谷氨酸 in prothrombin凝血素 →hemorrhage出血 Antibodies抗体 acquire carbohydrate糖units on specific Asn residues (make a protein more hydrophilic亲水)细胞分泌的抗体需加入糖使得更亲水 a protein can be made more hydrophobic by the addition of a FA脂肪酸 to an α-amino group or a Cys sulfhydryl group巯基 蛋白加入脂肪酸后则更疏水 many hormones (e.g. epinephrine肾上腺素) alter the activities of enzymes by stimulating the phosphorylation磷酸化 of the hydroxyl AA (Ser and Thr) phosphoserine and phosphothreonine are the most ubiquitous modified AA in proteins growth factor (e.g. insulin)act by triggering the phosphorylation 触发磷酸化of the hydroxyl group of Tyr residues. The phosphate groups on these three modified AA can readily be removed, enabling them to act as reversible switches in regulating cellular processes Some oncogenes致癌基因 act by stimulating excessive phosphorylation of Tyr residues on proteins(调控细胞分化的蛋白) many proteins are cleaved and trimmed剪切 after synthesis digestive enzymes: inactive precursors前体 stored safely in pancreas胰腺 → released into intestine → activated by peptide bond cleavage in blood clotting, soluble fibrinogen血纤蛋白原 is converted into insoluble fibrin血纤蛋白by peptide bond cleavage many polypeptide hormones (e.g. adrenocorti-cotropic hormone促肾上腺皮质激素) arise from the splitting裂解 of a single large precursor protein, a molecular cornucopia丰饶之角(分子宝库) proteins of poliovirus脊髓灰质炎病毒 are produced by cleavage of a giant polyprotein precursor巨多蛋白前体 several key proteins of HIV-1 arise by spe