基础工程 部分概念 英文版.docVIP

导论 一名词解释Definition Explanation（3 points each, 12 in total） 地基Ground: 将承受各种作用的地层称为地基。 the strata which bears all kinds of loadings of the building is called ground 基础Foundation: 将建筑物的各种作用传递至地基的结构物称为基础。 the part of the building which is in contact with ground is called foundation 3.Natural ground(天然地基): 未经人工处理就可以满足设计要求的地基称为天然基础 ground which can meet design requirements without manual processing. 4. Artificial ground（人工地基）: 如果天然地层土质过于软弱或存在不良工程地质问题，需要经过人工加固或处理后才能修筑基础，这种地基称为人工地基 ground which has been strengthened or treated artificially. 5.永久作用Permanent Action：可看成是不随时间变化的荷载。 can also be called as dead load, it is the action that its location, size and direction dont change over time , or the changing values can be ignored compared with the average values in the design period. 6.可变作用Variable Action ：随时间而变化的荷载 can also be called as live load, it is the action that its location, size and direction change over time , or the changing values can not be ignored compared with the average values in the design period. 7.地基容许承载力：the allowable bearing capacity of ground In design, the base pressure can not exceed ultimate bearing capacity of subsoil and have adequate safety; the deformation of the ground can not exceed the allowable deformation of the building. If the ground meet the two requirements, the maximum pressure that unit area of ground bears is the allowable bearing capacity of ground. 基底压力不能超过地基极限承载力，而且要有足够的安全度；同时所引起的地基变形不能超过建筑物容许变形值，满足以上要求，地基单位面积上所能承受的最大压力就称为地基容许承载力 8.基底压力：（base pressure） Loadings of building are transferred to ground through foundation, to rigid spread foundation , the pressure that act on unit area of foundation base is called foundation (base) pressure. 建筑物荷载通过基础传递到地基上，对于刚性扩大基础而言，作用在基础底面单位面积上的压力称为基地压力 二简答题 基础工程设计计算的基本原则有哪些？ What are basic principles of foundation engineering in calculation and design? The pressure of the foundation bottom is less than the allowable value of bearing capacity. 基础底面的压力小于地基承载力容许值 Deformations of ground and foundation ar