第13章+基因表达调控.PPT.pptVIP

4. 乳糖操纵子的转录调控 1.细菌的生存需要碳原子，碳源的供 应有多种来源，如葡萄糖，乳糖等。 2.不同碳源化合物的代谢需要不同酶的 参与和催化，酶是基因表达的产物。 3.各种碳源化合物的利用经济性是有差 别的，多种酶同时表达是不经济的。 4.操纵子是原核生物基因表达调控的基 本方式。 What is an Operon? 1. Group of open reading frames (ORFs) all under the control of one region (one ON/OFF switch) 2. Transcribed as one mRNA 3. The ORFs are involved in the same biochemical pathway 4. No energy wasted in making proteins the cell doesn’t need 5. Only in prokaryotes The lac Operon 1. Found in E. coli 2. One of the most widely studied and well known operons 3. Involved in the catabolism of lactose into glucose and galactose 4. It is an inducible system It is OFF until something (lactose) turns it ON A repressible system is ON until something turns it OFF (i.e. tryptophan operon) Structure of lac Operon 1. Regulatory Regions Promoter: site where the RNA polymerase binds Operator: binding site for the repressor protein CRP binding site: site where the cAMP receptor protein (CRP) binds 2. Coding regions Z: codes for b-galactosidase, which hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose Y: codes for permease, which allows lactose to enter the cell A: codes for transacetylase, which is not well understood Structure of lac Operon Regulation of the lac Operon Negative control Binding of a regulatory protein turns the operon OFF In the lac operon, repressor binding to the operator turns the lac operon OFF lac operon is under both negative (the repressor) and positive (CAP) control Regulation of the lac Operon Positive control Binding of a regulatory protein turns the operon ON In the lac operon, CRP binding to the promoter accelerates the operon However, CRP cannot bind without cAMP thus glucose is used first (high glucose means low cAMP; low glucose means high cAMP) Volume control b-galactosidase induction and assay Four carbon sources are then added to the media Lactose: induces the lac operon IPTG: induces the lac operon but does not need permease to enter the cell Lactose + glucose: gl