国环评证甲字第.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Kurose and Ross forgot to say anything about wrapping the carry and adding it to low order bit * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Transport Layer 3-* Causes/costs of congestion: scenario 2 one router, finite buffers sender retransmission of timed-out packet application-layer input = application-layer output: lin = lout transport-layer input includes retransmissions : lin lin finite shared output link buffers Host A lin : original data Host B lout lin: original data, plus retransmitted data ‘ Transport Layer 3-* Congestion scenario 2a: ideal case sender sends only when router buffers available finite shared output link buffers Host A lin : original data Host B lout lin: original data, plus retransmitted data copy R/2 R/2 lin lout free buffer space! Transport Layer 3-* Host A lin : original data Host B lout lin: original data, plus retransmitted data copy no buffer space! packets may get dropped at router due to full buffers sometimes lost sender only resends if packet known to be lost (admittedly idealized) Congestion scenario 2b: known loss Transport Layer 3-* Congestion scenario 2b: known loss Host A lin : original data Host B lout lin: original data, plus retransmitted data free buffer space! packets may get dropped at router due to full buffers sometimes not lost sender only resends if packet known to be lost (admittedly idealized) R/2 R/2 lin lout when sending at R/2, some packets are retransmissions but asymptotic goodput is still R/2 (why?) Transport Layer 3-* packets may get dropped at router due to full buffers sender times out prematurely, sending two copies, both of which are delivered Host A lin Host B lout lin copy free buffer space! Congestion scenario 2c: duplicates timeout R/2 R/2 lin lout when sending at R/2, some packets are retransmissions including duplicated that are delivered! Transport Layer