Classificationofheartfailure欢迎光临山东大学医学….ppt

Heart Failure Department of Pathophysiology Zhang Xiao-ming 1. Basic Concepts (1) Heart failure (2) Cardiac insufficiency (3) Congestive heart failure ? Heart failure is the pathological process in which the systolic or/and diastolic function of the heart is impaired, and as a result, cardiac output decreases and is unable to meet the metabolic demands of the body. (2) cardiac insufficiency include compensatory stage and decompensatory stage. (3) Congestive heart failure is a kind of chronic HF with expansion of blood volume. HF with increased volume and fluid accumulated in the lungs, abdominal organs (especially the liver) and peripheral tissues. 2. Causes Etiological causes (2)?The precipitating causes Etiological causes 1) Dysfunction of myocardium (A) Myocardial damage: myocardial infarction; Cardiomyopathy; Myocarditis (B) Metabolic disturbance ischemia and hypoxia; beriberi 2) Overload for myocardium Pressure overload (increased afterload): (Afterload is the resistance to shortening that the muscle must overcome during contraction.) Aortic semilunar valve stenosisaortic narrow Pulmonary semilunar valve stenosis pulmonary artery stenosis (B) Volume overload (increased preload): Preload is the stretch exerted on the muscle in the resting state. (diastolic phase.)  Reasons of increased volume overload for left ventricle: (a) mitral regurgitation (b) aortic regurgitation Reasons of the volume overload for right ventricle: (a) tricuspid regurgitation (b) pulmonary regurgitation (c) interatrial septal defect, if the direction of blood shunt in atrial septal is from left to right. (d) Interventricular septal defect, if the direction of blood shunt in interventricular septal is from left to right. (e) high cardiac output states secondary to hyperthyroidism, anemia, arterivenous fistula, and hepatic cirrhosis may also b