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Chapter 3 3.1 Introduction 引言 3.2 Genomes can be mapped by linkage, restriction cleavage, or DNA sequence. 用连锁, 限制酶切或者DNA测序绘制基因组图谱. 3.3 Individual genomes show extensive variation. 个体基因组变化很大. 3.4 RFLPs and SNPs can be used for genetic mapping. RFLP 和SNP 能够用来绘制遗传图谱. 3.5 Why are genomes so large?基因组为何如此之大? 3.6 Eukaryotic genomes contain both nonrepetitive and repetitive DNA sequences. 真核生物基因组包含非重复DNA序列和重复序列. 3.7 Bacterial gene numbers range over an order of magnitude. 细菌基因总数的差异可超过一个数量级. 3.8 Total gene number is known for several eukaryotes. 我们已经知道的几种真核生物的基因总数. 3.9 How many different types of genes are there?有多少不同类型的基因? 3.10 The conservation of genome organization helps to identify genes. 基因组结构的保守性有助于基因的鉴定. 3.11 The human genome has fewer genes than expected. 人类基因组数目比预想的要少. 3.12 How are genes and other sequences distributed in the genome? 基因和其他序列在基因组上如何分布? 3.13 More complex species evolve by adding new gene functions. 较复杂的物种是通过增加基因的功能而进化来的. 3.15 Genes are expressed at widely differing levels. 基因的表达量相差很大. 3.16 How many genes are expressed?有多少基因是表达的? 3.19 Organelles have DNA. 细胞器也含有DNA 3.20 ?Organelle genomes are circular DNAs that code for organelle proteins. 细胞器基因组是环状DNA分子, 它们编码细胞器蛋白质. 3.21 Mitochondrial DNA organization is variable. 线粒体DNA的结构是可变的. 3.21 Mitochondria evolved by endosymbiosis. 线粒体是通过内共生演化而来的 3.23 The chloroplast genome codes for many proteins and RNAs. 叶绿体基因组编码多种蛋白质和RNA. 复习题 什么是基因组? 什么是RFLP与DNA指纹? As soon as we look at eukaryotic genomes, the relationship between genome size and gene number is lost. The genomes of unicellular eukaryotes fall in the same size range as the largest bacterial genomes. Higher eukaryotes have more genes, but the number does not correlate with genome size, as can be seen from Figure 3.12. Only some genes are unique; others belong to families where the other members are related (but not usually identical).The proportion of unique genes declines with genome size, and the proportion of genes in families inc
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