有机溶剂的特性(精).pptVIP

Solvents and Vapors(Volatile Organic Compounds) 有機溶劑的特性 溶解性 脂溶性（可溶解脂肪）愈強，去脂效能愈佳，對皮膚和神經系統的傷害也愈大 可燃性 可燃性高者作燃料，不可燃者則作滅火劑。 揮發性 蒸氣壓愈高，揮發性愈強，空氣中有機溶劑的濃度愈大，愈多經由呼吸道吸入人體。 化學結構 一般而言，結構相似者毒性可能相近，例如鹵化有機溶劑（四氯甲烷，三氯乙烯，四氯乙烯等），對肝皆具毒性。也可能差很多， 2,4-diaminotoluene (liver tumor)/2,6-diaminotoluene (not) Route of Exposure Primary route Respiratory Related to volatility of solvent Lipid solubility MAC Secondary route Skin Ingestion (accident) Sources of exposure Daily activity-workplace, gas station, smoking, household, etc. Solvent abuse-produce euphoria, delusions, sedation and visual and auditory hallucination Environmental contamination major volatile organic solvents (VOCs) Occupational Standards: TWA Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) the maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time (15-minute) without suffering from irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue change, or narcosis of sufficient degree to increase accident proneness, impair self-rescue, or materially reduce work efficiency. Ceiling (TLV-C) Ceiling (TLV-C) is the concentration that should not be exceeded even instantaneously. For some substances, for example irritant gases, only the TLV-ceiling may be relevant. General AcuteToxic Effects CNS depression High level exposure 中樞神經麻醉效果，例如乙醚麻醉 一般而言，碳鏈愈長，含雙鍵、鹵素基（氯、溴、氟等）的溶劑中樞效果愈強。臨床上，暴露的人會頭暈、頭痛、噁心、嘔吐、嗜睡，平衡失調，像醉酒一般，除了影響健康外，勞工甚易發生工作意外。工作場所中常存在多種溶劑或混合物，彼此加強作用，危害比單一物質更大。 -Subanesthetic dose behavioral toxicity Dermal and mucous irritation Solvent-induced chronic encephalopathy (CSE) Nonspecific symptoms (headache, fatigue, sleep disorders) with or without changes in neuropsychological dysfunction Type I Symptoms only Type 2A Sustained personality or mood change Type 2B Impairment in intellectual function Type 3 Dementia 刺激性或過敏性皮膚炎 有機溶劑具去脂性，能溶解皮膚表面油脂，引起皮膚炎。暴露濃度愈高，時間愈長，或溶劑封閉在手套內無法揮發，造成的傷害愈大。在工廠內有一個動作十分容易傷害皮膚，即是用溶劑來洗手，去除污垢。殊不知長期下來，油脂儘失，往往引起刺激性或過敏性皮膚炎。皮膚炎的臨床表現分急慢性兩種，急性呈紅，腫，慢性呈乾，裂的濕疹樣變化。 Metabolism Metabo