染色体畸变(数目改变.pptVIP

Meiosis Nondisjunction Nondisjunction can produce different outcomes depending on whether it occurs in meiosis 1 or meiosis 2 Mitotic Nondisjunction Nondisjunction during mitosis can produce mosaics, individuals with two types of chromosome arrangements. Chromosomal Lagging Chromosomal lagging can result in the loss of one (or more) chromosomes, either in meiosis or mitosis. Alterations in Chromosome Number in plant 染色体数目的变异 整倍体变异 二倍体（2n，AA） 同源三倍体（3n，AAA） 同源多倍体（autoploid） 同源四倍体（4n，AAAA） 多倍体 异源三倍体（3n，ABC） 异源多倍体（allopolyploid）异源四倍体（4n，AABB） 异源六倍体（6n，BBCC） 单倍体（haploid） （n） 非整倍体变异 单体(monosomic):（体细胞内染色体数目=2n-1 缺体(nullisomic): （2n-2） 双单体(double monosomic):（2n-1-1） 三体(trisomic):（2n+1） 四体(tetrasomic): （2n+2） 双三体(double trisomic): （2n+1+1） Chromosome complement: 染色体组（下册P26） Diploidy Diploidy is the state of having two copies of every single gene-like pairs of shoes. Humans, and many of the organisms with which we are familiar (flies, zebras, potatoes), are diploid. We have two copies of every gene in our bodies. For many genes, these copies are identical matches (they are homozygous). For others, there are subtle differences between the two copies (they are heterozygous). Diploidy Not all organisms are diploid as adults, some are haploid. For sexual reproduction to occur, there must be both a diploid and a haploid phase of the life cycle. Polyploidy (多倍体) and Speciation (物种形成) (1)Triploid individuals are often sterile(不育的). Since the chromosomes are unable to pair during meiosis, unequal segregation often results (2) Tetraploid individuals are less likely to be sterile. (3) In plants, polyploid conditions are not uncommon, and may be the source of many new species. . Meiosis in a Triploid 二体性 Autopolyploidy（同源多倍体） and Allopolyploidy （异源