遗传学重点提纲.doc

Chapter 1 绪论 第一部分 Heredity： A procedure that living things duplicate themselves in a model similar to their parents —— Stability of living things Variability： The differences of individuals resulted from genetic recombination, environmental modification and genetic mutation —— Diversity of living things Genetics——A SCIENCE concerned with variation and heredity in living organisms Gene: The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next Allele: One of the different forms of a gene pair. At each autosomal locus an individual possessed two alleles, one inherited from mum and one from dad. Genotype: The combination of alleles that an individual possesses. Phenotype : The physical characteristics of a cell or organism as defined by its genetic constitution Linkage: The association of genes on the same chromosome. Recombination : The exchange of corresponding chromosome parts between homologous chromosomes by breakage and reunion 第二部分 Genes are arranged on chromosomes linearly. During meiosis Alleles locating in the same loci of the homologous will be segregated with the homologous moving to the different gametes. The genes in the different non-homologous are independently assorted. The genes in the same chromosomes are linked, which will move together. The non-alleles in the pair of the homologous might be recombined due to the cross-over occurring between the homologous. 第三部分 The principle of segregation—— A physical characteristic of a organism is determined by a pair of genetic factors, which is either dominant or recessive. The pair of factors segregate from each other during the gamete formation. The principle of independent assortment——The factors determined for different characteristics will be independently assorted during the gamete formation Principle of linkage and crossover——A group of genes are arranged on a chromosome linearly. They will move together with the chromosome and might