核酸的结构与功能1幻灯片.pptx

第七章 核酸的结构与功能(I)It all started with MendelThe beginning of our thinking of the possibility of genetic material begins with Mendel. He described the genetics of pea crosses, although he did not know what genetic material was he referred to “factors” as the things which gave his pea plants their physical characteristics. While Mendel’s work gave a logical description of heredity it was largely ignored for many decades. His work was finally reproduced in the early 1900s and was thereafter regarded as fact核 酸(nucleic acid) 是以核苷酸为基本组成单位的生物大分子，携带和传递遗传信息。携带遗传信息，并通过复制传递给下一代。是DNA转录的产物，参与遗传信息的复制与表达。某些病毒RNA也可作为遗传信息的载体核酸的分类及分布存在于细胞核和线粒体脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) 核糖核酸 分布于细胞核、细胞质、线粒体(ribonucleic acid, RNA)第一节核酸的组成单位-核苷酸The Chemical Component of Nucleic Acid-nucleotide核酸(DNA和RNA)核苷酸磷酸核苷和脱氧核苷戊糖碱基嘧啶核糖嘌呤脱氧核糖核酸组成 核苷酸组成 NucleotidesNucleotides are the unit structure of nucleic acids.Nucleotides composed of 3 components: Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T or U) Pentose sugar (ribose) Phosphate分子组成碱基(base)：嘌呤碱，嘧啶碱戊糖(ribose)：核糖，脱氧核糖磷酸(phosphate)一、碱基（一） 嘧啶碱和嘌呤碱腺嘌呤嘌呤存在于DNA和RNA中鸟嘌呤碱基胞嘧啶嘧啶尿嘧啶仅存在于RNA中胸腺嘧啶仅存在于DNA中Nitrogenous basesThere are 2 types:Purines:Two ring structureAdenine (A) and Guanine (G)Pyrimidines:Single ring structureCytosine (C) and Thymine (T) or Uracil (U). 腺嘌呤(adenine, A)鸟嘌呤(guanine, G)嘌呤(purine，Pu)尿嘧啶(uracil, U)胸腺嘧啶(thymine, T)胞嘧啶(cytosine, C)嘧啶(pyrimidine，Py)（二） 碱基的理化特性影响核酸的结构与功能1. 紫外吸收常见核苷酸的光吸收谱2. 互变异构作用 3. 碱基之间的堆积力与氢键DNA双螺旋结构十分稳定，稳定的因素。氢键并不是DNA双螺旋结构稳定的主要作用力，因为氢键的能量很小。DNA分子中碱基的堆积可以使碱基缔合，这种力称为碱基堆积力，是使DNA双螺旋结构稳定的主要作用力。碱基堆积力是主要的稳定因素，因为各个碱基堆积在一起，产生碱基间的范德华引力，使得两条脱氧多核苷酸链成螺旋开稳定结构，碱基堆积力是由于芳香族碱基的π电子之间相互作用而引起的DNA分子中碱基层层堆积，在DNA分子内部形成了一个疏水核心，核心内几乎没有游离水分子，所以使互补的碱基之间形成氢键。5′1′4′3′2′核糖(ribose)脱氧核糖(deoxyribose)（构成DNA）（构成RNA）二.戊糖β-D-核糖和β-D-2′-脱氧核糖的化学结构三. 核苷 NH2NN9N糖苷键NHOHCO21HHHH2HOHO嘌呤N-9或嘧啶N-1与核糖C-1?通过β-N-糖苷键相连形成核苷(ribonucleoside)。脱氧核苷嘌呤N-9 或嘧啶N-1与脱氧核糖C-1?通过β-N-糖苷键相连形成脱氧核苷(deoxyribonucleoside)。NH2N酯键N9NO糖苷键NHHOPOCO2-1OHHHH2OHOH四、核苷酸(ribonucleotide)核苷或脱氧核苷与磷酸通过酯键结合构成核苷酸(ribonucleotid