III 生殖细胞发生与受精.ppt

Diagram of human male germ cell development The transition between spermatogonia and spermatocytes At maturity Diagram of human male germ cell development The transition between spermatogonia and spermatocytes Sertoli cells GDNF At maturity Spermatogenesis (II) Levels of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which is secreted by the Sertoli cells, determine whether the dividing spermatogonia remain spermatogonia or enter the pathway to become spermatocytes. Low levels of GDNF favor the differentiation of the spermatogonia into spermatocytes High levels of GDNF favor self-renewal of the stem cells Mice heterozygous for GDNF mutant allele show depletion of stem cell reserves due to defective self-renewal of spermatogonia GDNF +/- mice (A,B)at 5 weeks of age Wild type (D)and GDNF +/- (E) mice at 8 weeks of age D,E: BrdU incorporation assay A,B: In younger GDNF +/- mice, part of seminiferous tubules are degenerated. In the degenerating tubules, spermatocytes and spermatids are visible, but spermatogonia have disappeared D,E: In older GDNF +/- mice, decreased expression of GDNF often resulted in Sertoli cell–only seminiferous tubules without spermatogonia, and the cell proliferation rate was reduced, reflecting depletion of spermatogonia, due to defects in the self-renewal of spermatogonia. Mice overexpressing GDNF show accumulation of undifferentiated spermatogonia B: Large clusters of spermatogonia (spermatogonial marker, EE2) are evident in the transgenic gonads E: The spermatogonia cell cluster gradually degenerate after puberty, resulting in tubular atrophy A, D: wild type B, E: transgenic mice at 3 or 10 weeks of age respectively A-E: EE2 labels spermatogonia Oogenesis (I) Oogenesis differs from spermatogenesis in several ways. Whereas the gamete formed by spermatogenesis is essentially a motile nucleus, the gamete formed by oogenesis contains all materials needed to initiate and maintain metabolism and development. Therefore, oog