安全系统工程6.1.pptVIP

安全科学与工程学院 仅对危险进行辩识和评价，而不进行控制，系统的安全状态没有得到改善是没有意义的。通过系统危险辨识和评价，找到系统中的危险所在和危险等级后，还必须提出系统危险的控制措施并加以实施，才能使系统的安全状况得到改善。因此，系统危险控制技术是安全系统工程的最终目的。 The identification and assessment of risk is meaningless if there is no risk control and no improvement in system safety. After the risk is identified and risk rank is determined through identification and assessment, control measures must be proposed and carried out to improve system safety. Therefore, system risk control technology is the ultimate goal of system safety engineering. 一、危险控制的基本原则 危险控制的目的，是在现有的技术水平上，以最少的消耗，达到最优的安全水平，具体目标有以下两个： 降低事故发生频率/To reduce accident occurrence frequency 减少事故的严重程度和每次事故的经济损失/To reduce accident severity and economic loss One point needs to be noted: there is a reasonable target value for each industry as to the above two aims. Generally, “zero accident” is not regarded as the target value. 1. Aims of Risk Control 一、危险控制的基本原则 危险控制技术有宏观控制技术和微观控制技术两类。 The macroscopic control technology takes the whole system as the control object and carries out risk control employing system engineering principles. The main methods are: legal means（policies, statutes and regulations）, economic means（rewards or fines）and educational means（either long-term or short-term, either from schools or society）. 微观控制是以具体的危险源为对象，以系统工程的原理为指导，对危险进行控制。所采用的手段主要是工程技术措施和管理措施，随着对象的不同，措施也完全不同。但是，只有遵循或符合共同的系统工程的方法论时，才能更好地发挥各种工程技术和管理措施在控制事故方面的作用。 The macroscopic and microscopic controls depend on and complement each other. Neither of them can be ignored. 2. Risk Control Technology 一、危险控制的基本原则 System risk control is fundamental to human’s safety in production and life. There exit the following control principles in risk control: 闭环控制原则/Closed loop control principle 系统包括输入、输出，通过信息反馈进行决策，并控制输入。这样一个完整的控制过程称为闭环控制。很显然，只有闭环控制才能达到优化的目的。见图6.1。 动态控制原则/Dynamic control principle System is motional and changeable instead of being static. The expected effects can be gained only through proper and timely control. 3. Principles of Risk Cont