国际贸易全套课件.ppt

* Costs and Benefits of a Tariff Measuring the Cost and Benefits Is it possible to add consumer and producer surplus? We can (algebraically) add consumer and producer surplus because any change in price affects each individual in two ways: As a consumer As a worker We assume that at the margin a dollar’s worth of gain or loss to each group is of the same social worth. * Figure 7-9: Costs and Benefits of a Tariff for the Importing Country Costs and Benefits of a Tariff PT PW P*T b c d e D a = consumer loss (a + b + c + d) = producer gain (a) = government revenue gain (c + e) QT D2 S2 S S1 D1 Price, P Quantity, Q * Figure 7-10: Net Welfare Effects of a Tariff PT PW P*T b d e D = efficiency loss (b + d) = terms of trade gain (e) Imports S Price, P Quantity, Q Costs and Benefits of a Tariff * Cost-benefit analysis: Ambiguous Production distortion loss: b Consumption distortion loss: d Terms of trade gain: e. Small-country result: - (b+d). A tariff always makes it worse off: Large-country result: - (b+d)+e. Monopoly power, optimum tariff: . * Optimal Rate of Tariff (Large country) * Chapt.8 Import Policies: Non-tariff Barriers TB Vs. NTBs 8.1 Import Quota 进口配额 Absolute Quota 绝对配额 Global Quota or Unallocated Quota 全球配额 Country Quota Autonomous Quota 自主配额 Agreement Quota 协议配额 Tariff Quota 关税配额 Voluntary Export Quota 自动出口配额 * Price in U.S. Market 466 World Price 280 b c d Demand a 8.45 6.32 Supply 5.14 9.26 Price, $/ton Quantity of sugar, million tons Figure 8-1: Effects of the U.S. Import Quota on Sugar Quota: competitive market Import quota: 2.13 million tons = consumer loss (a + b + c + d) = producer gain (a) = quota rents (c) * the quota rent: who gets it? allocation depends on how quota licenses are distributed： licenses distributed free of charge to agents in the importing country ----rents to importer application permission---rent-seeking. ----rents to importer (less than “C”) auction of the licences ----rents to importer (government