垄断讲义课件.ppt

* 对垄断的公共政策 用反托拉斯法增强竞争： 禁止一些反竞争的行为，允许政府打破垄断 例如：谢尔曼反托拉斯法(1890)，克莱顿法案(1914) 《中华人民共和国反垄断法》 2007年8月30日通过，自2008年8月1日起施行。 总则、垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位、经营者集中、滥用行政权力排除、限制竞争、对涉嫌垄断行为的调查、法律责任和附则。 扩展资料：央视《今日关注》 相关问题 对垄断的公共政策 管制--自然垄断（图形解释P337） 政府机构设定垄断价格 （1）边际成本定价： 亏损 没有无谓损失 解决方法：管制者可以补贴垄断者 （2）平均成本定价：把价格定为P = ATC 。 垄断者赚到零利润 引起无谓损失 但比不实行管制无谓损失少 * 对垄断的公共政策 公有制 例如：美国的邮政服务 问题：公有制通常是无效率的，因为企业没有利润激励去降低成本 不作为 每一项政策都有它的缺点，因此最好的政策是没有政策 * * * Most students already know that monopoly means the firm is the only seller of its product. But the definition here has another very important part: In order for the firm to be considered a monopoly, the product it sells must have no close substitutes available from other firms. * * The horizontal axis of the graph measures number of homes provided electricity. The vertical axis measures the average total cost of providing electricity per home. * * A competitive firm is a price-taker, can sell as much as it wants at the market price. In effect, the competitive firm sells a product for which there are many perfect substitutes, so demand for its product is perfectly elastic; if it raises its price above the market price, demand for its product falls to zero. The relationship between P and MR is what distinguishes a competitive firm from a monopoly firm, in terms of both firm behavior and welfare implications. * This easy exercise requires students to apply the definitions from the previous slide. It also demonstrates that MR = P for a competitive firm. (The table in this exercise is similar to Table 1 in the chapter.) * * This slide introduces the notion that MR is not equal to P for the monopolist. The next slide presents an exercise to lead students to see for themselves what this relationship looks like. * When the AR column appears, note that AR = P at every quantity. This, of course, is a tautology. When the MR column appears, note that MR is less than P. This is not as easy to see, because the MR numbe