《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-双语ppt-Ch1.pptVIP

Variable Language 变量语言 Relationship Between Two Variables 两个变量之间的关系 Education and Racial Prejudice 教育与种族偏见 Level of Education % saying African-Americans have less inborn ability to learn Less than high school graduate 26% High school graduate 10% Junior college 15% Bachelor’s degree 6% Graduate degree 3% Question Professor Fremler examined the following categories of marital status: married, never married, widowed, separated, and divorced. These categories are known as variables. 变量 attributes. 属性 variable categories. 变量类别 units of analysis. 分析单元 theoretical elements. 理论元素 Answer: B Professor Fremler examined the following categories of marital status: married, never married, widowed, separated, and divorced. These categories are known as attributes.（属性） Approaches to Social Research 社会研究的方法（1） Idiographic -Seeks to fully understand the causes of what happened in a single instance. 个案式解释：试图穷尽某个特定情形或是事件的所有原因 Nomothetic—Seeks to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one. 通则式解释：寻求解释某一类情形或者事件，而不仅是为了解释个案。 Idiographic and Nomothetic Reasoning in Everyday Life日常生活中的个案式和通则式推理 Idiographic: “He’s like that because his father and mother kept giving him mixed signals. The fact that his family moved seven times by the time he was 12 years old didn’t help. Moreover, his older brother is exactly the same and probably served as a role model.” Nomothetic:“Teenage boys are like that.” Approaches to Social Research 社会研究的方法（2） Induction – From specific observations to the discovery of a pattern among all the given events. 归纳：从个别到一般 Deduction - From a pattern that might be logically expected to observations that test whether the pattern occurs. 演绎：从一般到个别，即从逻辑或理论上预期的模式，到观察检验预期的模式是否存在。 The Wheel of Science 科学轮 Approaches to Social Research 社会研究的方法（3） Qualitative Data – Nonnumerical data.定性资料：非数据化资料 Quantitative Data -Numerical data. Makes observations more explicit and makes it easier to aggregate, compare, and summarize data.定性资料：数据化资料。定量化使得我们的观察更加明确，也更容易将资料