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1.3?The?Characteristics?of?Fluids? constituent：组成的；tangential：切向的；restrain：限制、约束；equilibrium：平衡，?均衡；interface：相互关系、分界面；molecule：微小颗粒、分子；continuum：连续体；?vessel：容器；tar：焦油、柏油；pitch：树脂；imperceptibly：察觉不到的，细微的；?restore：恢复；subside：下沉、沉淀、减退、衰减；hypothetically：假设地、假想地；?sphere：球、球体；microvolume：微元体积；rarest：最稀罕的，虽珍贵的 1.3?The?Characteristics?of?Fluids?? 流体的特征? A?fluid?is?a?substance?which?may?flow;?that?is,?its?constituent?particles?may?continuously?change?their?positions?relative?to?one?another.?Moreover,?it?offers?no?lasting?resistance?to?the?displacement,?however?great,?of?one?layer?over?another.?This?means?that,?if?the?fluid?is?at?rest,?no?shear?force?(that?is?a?force?tangential?to?the?surface?on?which?it?acts?)can?exist?in?it.?A?solid,?on?the?other?hand,?can?resist?a?shear?force?while?at?rest;?the?shear?force?may?cause?some?displacement?of?one?layer?over?another,?but?the?material?does?not?continue?to?move?indefinitely.?In?a?fluid,?however,?shear?forces?are?possible?only?while?relative?movement?between?layers?is?actually?taking?place.?A?fluid?is?further?distinguished?from?a?solid?in?that?a?given?amount?of?it?owes?its?shape?at?any?particular?time?to?that?of?a?vessel?containing?it,?or?to?forces?which?in?some?way?restrain?its?movement.?? 流体是可以流动的物质，也就是说，组成流体的质点可以连续的改变它们的相对位臵。而且，不管层与层之间的相对位移有多大都不会产生持久的抵抗力。这意味着流体在静止状态下是不会存在剪切力的（剪切力是与其作用表面相切的力）。另一方面，固体在静止时却可以抵抗剪切力，其中的剪切力也可以使层与层之间发生相对位移,但是固体材料却不一定会有连续的运动。然而在流体中，只有当层与层之间有相对运动产生时才会有剪切力存在。流体和固体的进一步区别还在于在特定的时刻，确定数量的流体其形状取决于承载它的容器，或者取决于一些限制其运动的力。? The?distinction?between?solids?and?fluids?is?usually?clear,?but?there?are?some?substances?not?easily?classified.?Some?fluids,?for?example,?do?not?flow?easily:?thick?tar?or?pitch?may?at?times?appear?to?behave?like?a?solid.?A?block?of?such?a?substance?may?be?placed?on?the?ground,?but,?although?its?flow?would?take?place?very?slowly,?yet?over?a?period?of?time--perhaps?several?days--it?would?spread?over?the?ground?by?the?action?of?gravity,?that?is,?its?constituent?particles?would?change?their?relati