ValuingThe Environment Methods必看课件资料.ppt

4. Impact Analysis What can be done when the information needed to perform a benefit-cost analysis（成本收益分析） or a cost-effectiveness analysis（成本有效性分析） is not available? The analytical technique designed to deal with this problems is called impact analysis（影响分析）. 4. Impact Analysis An impact analysis （影响分析）regardless of whether it focus on economic impact or environmental impact or both, attempts to quantify the consequences of various actions. 4. Impact Analysis In contrast to benefit-cost analysis, a pure impact analysis makes no attempt to convert all these consequences into a one-dimensional measure, such as dollars, to ensure comparability. In contrast to both benefit cost analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis, impact analysis does not necessarily attempt to optimize. Further reading: L. Tyrv?inen, Economic valuation of urban forest benefits in Finland, Journal of Environmental Management (2001) 62, 75–92 L. Tyrv?inen , Antti Miettinen, Property Prices and Urban Forest Amenities, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 39, 205-223 (2000) Liisa Tyrv?inen , The amenity value of the urban forest: an application of the hedonic pricing method, Landscape and Urban Planning 37 (1997) 21 l-222 Liisa Tyrv?inen , Hannu V??n?nen, The economic value of urban forest amenities: an application of the contingent valuation +method, Landscape and Urban Planning 43(1998) 105-118 A ? 迈克里 ? 弗里曼，环境与资源价值评估—理论与方法，中国人民大学出版社，2002 Objectives & Requirements: Understand and grasp the types of values Understand the methods for valuing benefits and costs of environment Understand the three different methods for environmental decision Problem: In Mark A. Cohen, “The costs and benefits of oil spill prevention and enforcement”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 13, an attempt was made to quantify the marginal benefits and marginal costs of U.S. Coast Guard enforcement activity in the area of oil spill prevention. His analysis suggests that the marginal per-gallo