《临床流行病学》配套讲义绪论.pptVIP

* * Sir Austin Bradford Hill and Sir Richard Doll More than anybody else Richard Doll has stopped doctors pontificating without any evidence. Together with the father of medical statistics, Austin Bradford Hill, he introduced the randomised controlled trial: a method of assessing a treatment or procedure that is one of the most important medical developments of the century. Doll and Hill were also the first to show the connection between cigarette smoking and many serious diseases, particularly lung cancer and heart disease. Austin Bradford-Hill. He was a professor of statistics at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. * * * / The original cohort of the framingham heart study consisted of 5,209 respondents of a random sample of 2/3 of the adult population of Framingham, Massachusetts, 30 to 62 years of age by household, in 1948. The Offspring Study was initiated in 1971 when the need for establishing a prospective epidemiologic study of young adults was recognized. A sample of 5,124 men and women, consisting of the offspring of the Original Cohort and their spouses was recruited. A recent major component of the Framingham Heart Study protocol has been the enrollment and examination of a third generation of participants which will provide greater resources of phenotypic and genotypic information. During Offspring Exam Cycles 6 and 7, the Offspring participants were asked to update information about their children. To assess interest in participation prior to the start of clinic exams, 5,500 letters and response cards were sent in November 2001 to prospective third generation participants who had at least one parent in the Offspring Study and would be at least 20 years old by the close of the first exam cycle. Later an additional 1,241 invitation letters were sent. A prioritization of the recruitment list was prepared. Considerations were given to family size, completeness of data, stored DNA and responsiveness of the Gen III members of the famili