土壤肥料学国家第二章土壤有机质.pptVIP

第二章 土壤有机质Chapter 2: soil organic matter What is Soil? 土壤有机质是土壤固相的重要组成部分； 在一般土壤中，有机质含量在5%以下； 对土壤肥力具有极其重要的意义。 第一节 有机质的来源、类型及组成 （一）主要来源 （二）存在形态 （三）组成及性质 （一）主要来源 一般土壤： 生长在土壤中的高等绿色植物残体； 土壤中的动物和微生物。 农业土壤： 施入的有机肥料； 作物的残体及根系分泌物。 其中进入土壤的植物残体是最主要的来源。 Sources of Soil Organic Matter Live microbes Decomposed microbes Decomposed plant material Other organic amendments （二）存在形态Categories of Soil Organic Matter Residue（残体） of life Living Roots Earthworms and insects Microorganisms Dead Fresh plant residues Recently deceased（死亡的） soil organisms Active organic matter Very Dead Well decomposed（腐解的） organic materials Humus（腐殖质） Soil Organic Matter=SOM Organic matter encompasses all organic components of a soil: Fresh residues Decomposing organic matter Stable organic matter Living organisms Fresh Residues Up to 15% of organic matter is fresh residue Comprised mainly of litter fall Much can be recognized as plant residue Decomposing Organic Matter Plant material is transformed from one organic compound to another mainly by organisms in the soil Organisms create by-products, wastes, and cell tissue Compounds released as waste by one organisms can often be used as food by another Soil Organic Matter =SOM SOM is labile* -it can decline rapidly if the soil environment changes and renewable -it can be replenished by inputs of organic material to the soil. Adequate levels of SOM can be maintained with proper fertilization, crop rotations, and tillage practices if crop residues are returned to the soil. * Labile = Constantly or readily undergoing chemical, physical, or biological change or breakdown; unstable. Stable Organic Matter -Humus Thus, soil organic compounds become stabilized and resistant to further changes by microorganisms Stabilized organic matter acts like a sponge and can absorb six times its weight in water HUMUS Newl