革兰氏染色原理.pptVIP

革兰氏染色原理;溶菌酶对细胞壁的作用;青霉素对细菌细胞壁的作用;﹙6﹚周质空间（periplasmic space）;Table 8. Representative periplasmic proteins in E. coli. Binding proteins For amino acids (e.g. histadine, arginine) For sugars (e.g. glucose, maltose) For vitamins (e.g. thiamine, vitamin B12) For ions (e.g. phosphate, sulfate) Biosynthetic enzymes For murein assembly (e.g. transglycosylases, carboxypeptidases, transpeptidases) For fimbrial subunit secretion and assembly (e.g. chaperonins) Degradative enzymes phosphatases proteases Detoxifying enzymes Beta-lactamases (e.g. penicillinase) Aminoglycoside-phosphorylating enzymes;﹙7﹚细胞壁缺损型细菌;﹙二﹚细胞膜(cytoplastic membrane）;1972年Singer和Nicolson提出的细胞膜液态镶嵌模型;Figure 10. Fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane. In aqueous environments membrane phospholipids arrange themselves in such a way that they spontaneously form a fluid bilayer. Membrane proteins, which may be structural or functional, may be permanently or transiently associated with one side or the other of the membrane, or even be permanently built into the bilayer, while other proteins span the bilayer and may form transport channels through the membrane. ;5. 细胞膜的功能：;Table 6. Functions of the procaryotic plasma membrane. 1. Osmotic or permeability barrier 2. Location of transport systems for specific solutes (nutrients and ions) 3. Energy generating functions, involving respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport systems, establishment of proton motive force, and transmembranous, ATP-synthesizing ATPase 4. Synthesis of membrane lipids (including lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative cells) 5. Synthesis of murein (cell wall peptidoglycan) 6. Assembly and secretion of extracytoplasmic proteins 7. Coordination of DNA replication and segregation with septum formation and cell division 8. Chemotaxis (both motility per se and sensing functions) 9. Location of specialized enzyme system;﹙三﹚内膜系统