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From water-fat emulsions to radar cross section control: A historical perspective on the engineered artificial material ;The engineered artificial material, or composite, has wide applicability;Over this time, we see recurring motifs in the problems addressed;The motifs are question that we keep asking ourselves...;The answer might be found in a truly general theory of effective media.;The history can be divided along two principal paths of research.;We will start along the random mixture path and end with structured dielectrics;This CM formula spans the range from ehost to einc uniformly;But before either of them, there was Hugo Fricke (1924);By estimating the charges induced on the non-spherical particle he obtained a physical model that:;This HF model is as uniform as CM but includes the collective shape effect.;Assuming a reasonable model for red corpuscles as oblate spheroids of aspect ratio 1/4.25, he obtained agreement with experimental data of the order of 1% over a range of volume fractions from 11% to 91%. ;Fricke’s model illustrates the three major requirements to be met by an effective medium theory.;So, how much better can rigorous models fare?;Niklasson and Granqvist illustrate these alternatives for us;To every set of assumptions corresponds a new EMT;How much better can we do with rigorous mean field theories?;So, what’s the problem?;And, for all the labor involved in these formulations, none of them meet all three of Fricke’s requirements.;The promise of something for (almost) nothing;The ideal material: a useful susceptibility from a vanishingly small addition of slivers;A random mixture of any kind of particle has a finite probability of generating chains and clusters;And so the discussion of the most useful artificial material reaches a surprising conclusion;The collective behavior has its own characterizable morphology;So we must change our focus from the morphology of the particle to the morphology of the mixture;The second alternative is the
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