西方经济学重点中英文.docVIP

Represents描述 Define定义 Demonstrate论证 Topic 1A Opportunity cost机会成本The highest-valued alternative that we give up to get something ? the opportunity cost of the activity chosen.我們为了得到一些東西而放弃的 Explicit cost 显性成本 is a cost that involves actually laying out money.花钱 Implicit cost 隐性成本 does not require an outlay of money; it is measured by the value, in dollar terms, of the benefits that are forgone. 非实质性 Marginal Benefit边际收益 指如果再多销售一单位的产品将会得到的收益，或目前最后卖出的一单位的产品所得到的收益。边际收益在实现利润最大化中是一个非常重要的经济量，一般认为当边际收益等于边际成本时企业达到利润最大化 Marginal Cost 边际成本is the change in the?total cost?that arises when the quantity produced has an increment by unit.指的是每一单位新增生产的产品（或者购买的产品）带来的总成本的增量 MC MR ? an incentive to do less of that activity少刺激消费活动 MB MC ? an incentive to do more of that activity多刺激消费活动 Production Possibilities Frontier PPF生产可能性边界 is a graph representing production tradeoffs of an economy given fixed resources(假设、概念、图、移动）用来表示经济社会在既定资源和技术条件下所能生产的各种商品最大数量的组合，反映了资源稀缺性与选择性的经济学特征 Topic 2A Law of demand需求法则Other things remaining the same, the higher the price of a good/service, the smaller is the quantity demanded.?假设其他因素不变，当一物品价格增加，其需求量会下降 Law of supply 供给法则Other things remaining the same, the higher the price of a good/service, the greater is the quantity supplied. 假设其他因素不变，当一件物品的相对价格上升时，其供给量会上升 Equilibrium 平衡It means no shortage or surplus in the market.市场中没有短缺或过剩 平衡点 Factors that bring changes in demand. 使需求变化的因素 Income，Climate[水土,气候]，Age of the people，Technology，Price of substitutes[替代品]，Advertising，Prices of related goods ，Expected future prices，Expected future income，Preferences[偏好]，Population Factors that bring changes in supply. 使供给变化的因素。 Climate[水土,气候]，Technology，Expectations of producers[生产者期望]，Expected future prices，The number of suppliers，Prices of the factors of production Shifts in demand curve and shifts in supply curve需求曲线的变动和供给曲线的变动 Substitutes and Complements替代品和互补品 Diminishing Marginal Returns边际效用递减规律is the decrease in the?marginal?(incremental) output of a?productio