赣南客家围屋建筑的特点和文化探析.docxVIP

赣南客家围屋建筑的特点和文化探析 熊建新，黎文勤*( 南昌航空大学，江 赣南客家围屋建筑的特点和文化探析 熊建新，黎文勤* ( 南昌航空大学，江苏南昌 330063) 摘要 介绍了赣南客家围屋的基本概括及其分布情况，以口字型、国字围、套围 3 种类型概括了客家围屋的建筑样式，解析了客家围屋 的建筑特点，突出了整个赣南客家围屋丰富多彩的建筑样式和其所具有的不同一般的防御、居住功能。解读了客家围屋所彰显的构造 艺术和宗族文化，指出这支具有独特的客家方言、独特的文化民俗和情感心态的汉族支系是赣南文化的缩影，强调了承载者千百年历史 的赣南客家文化需要得到社会各界的关注和保护。 关键词 赣南; 围屋; 建筑特点; 客家文化 中图分类号 S 181． 3 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517 － 6611( 2012) 36 － 17670 － 03 On the Characteristics and Cultures of the Hakkas’Round Houses in South Jiangxi Province XIONG Jian-xin et al ( Nanchang Hangkong University，Nanchang，Jiangxi 330063) Abstract General situation and distribution of round houses of the Hakkas in south Jiangxi were introduced，such architectural styles as round house with a square yard ( Kouzi Wei) ，round house with a yard of three transverse and one longitudinal constructions ( Guozi Wei) ，and round house with a round house in its yard ( Tao Wei) were taken to analyze features of the Hakkas’round houses． It was highlighted that the Hakkas’ round houses in south Jiangxi has diversified architectural styles and outstanding defense and living functions． Construction art and religious cul- ture shown by the round houses were interpreted，and the branch of Han people with unique dialects，cultures，folk customs and emotional atti- tudes was proposed as a miniature of the culture in south Jiangxi． Moreover，it was stressed that more attention of the public and more efforts for the protection should be given to the Hakkas’cultures in south Jiangxi，carriers of the locals’history over the past thousands of years． Key words South Jiangxi; Round houses; Architectural characteristics; the Hakkas’cultures 1 赣南客家围屋概况 客家围屋 围屋即围起来的房屋，其外墙既是围屋的 1． 1 承重外墙，也是整座围屋的防卫围墙。赣南围屋构成了奇异 的客家民居人文景观，产生于明末清初，主要分布在龙南、定 南、全南以及信丰、安远、寻乌。从结构上看，围屋可分“口” 和“国”两大类，其形制多是方围，部分有圆形、半圆形和不规 则形的。赣南的客家围屋多为方形，与闽西圆形的土楼和粤 东内方外圆的围龙屋呈现出不同的风格( 图 1) 。龙南县的 围屋有 370 多座，形状各异，其中“方围屋”建筑数量之多、规 模之大、风格之全、保存之完好，均属全国之最。安远的东生 围屋更是套围的典型，有内围和外围之分［1］。 赣南客家围屋是客家人在农业文明基础之上，历经艰 辛、长途迁徙，为适应自然和社会而创造出来的。赣南客家 人以顽强的毅