3英汉对比之刚性与柔性.pptVIP

Lecture 3 刚性与柔性 Rigid vs. Supple 一、英语的刚性 英语有综合语的特点，受形态约束，其语法具有刚性，没有弹性。 汉语是分析语，不受形态约束，其语法具柔性，富于弹性。 上述差异构成英汉互译和中国学生英语写作的错误之源。比如： E.g. Run-on sentences Because of AIDS only have the four infect ways, we stay with HIV carriers is safety （It is safe for us to … because there are only four channels for HIV to spread. √）. （一）英语基本句型及其扩展句型 英语的刚性体现在句子有严谨的主谓结构。 即：名词性短语（NP）+ 动词性短语（VP）。 主语 + 谓语 注意：主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子的轴心，两者协调一致（S-V concord）。 特点：英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后应，严密规范，句式呈“聚集型”（compactness）。 Fragments 破碎句/碎片句 若主谓结构不完整，只有词、短语或从句，则称为破碎句/碎片句（fragments）。E.g. 1) Then how to solve the problem? 2) Avoiding using Chinese thinking way? to make English sentence. As we all known, AIDS is…. 尽管英语句子错综复杂，千变万化，但其主谓结构可以归结为五种基本句型： SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, SVOC. 注意： 从句的三大成分缺一不可 …conj. + S + PV When I going (X),… As we all known, AIDS is….(X) 基本句型一：主语+动词 SV The telephone rang. The meeting has begun. 基本句型二：主语+动词+表语 SVP We are students. She appeared cheerful. 基本句型三：主语+动词+宾语 SVO Labor created man. The news surprised me. 基本句型四：主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 SVoO She sang us a song. I sent him a letter. 基本句型五：主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语 SVOC He painted the door green. We elected him our monitor. 英语各种长短句均可看成是这五种基本句型及其变式、扩展、组合、省略、倒装。 1．基本句型的变式。 a) 陈述句变疑问句 Has the meeting begun? b) 肯定句变否定句 We are not students. c) 主动句变被动句 The door was painted green. d) “There+be+主语”结构 There was a meeting yesterday. （二）. 基本句型的扩展手段。 1. 增加修饰语 主-谓-宾 The lady was scolding the girl. 定主-状谓-定宾-状 The middle-aged lady was angrily scolding the pitiful girl yesterday. 2.扩展基本句型的成分 状(从) 定主定（从）-状谓-定宾定（从）状（从) When I got in, the middle-aged lady who you may know was angrily scolding the pitiful girl who may just have come from the country in the restaurant for she had spilt soup on her dress. 3. 基本句型的组合。使用并列连词与标点符号组成并列复合句 A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to s