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8.8 Cultural Mosaic Science and Civilization in China 王恺怡20121001227 Cultural Mosaic Mosaic 英[m??ze??k] n.马赛克; 镶嵌图案; 镶嵌工艺; [植]花叶病; adj.摩西的; 拼花的; vt.镶嵌; 用马赛克装饰; Mosaic 马赛克最早起源于美索不达米亚一带，希腊、罗马地区最具盛行，发展至今已有几千年了。Mosaic（马赛克）原先的意思是由各种颜色的小石子组成的图案，又称“碎锦画”、“镶嵌细工”。现在马赛克已经由建筑衍生到家庭生活环境里，为生活增添许多美丽的风景。 Joseph Needham Biography Early years Needham was the only child of a London family and he was educated at Oundle School before receiving his bachelors degree in 1921 from the University of Cambridge, masters degree in January 1925 and doctorate in October 1925. He had intended to study medicine but came under the influence of Frederick Gowland Hopkins and switched to Biochemistry. Joseph Needham Science and Civilization in China In 1948, Needham, proposed a project to the Cambridge University Press for a book on Science and Civilization in China. Within weeks of it being accepted, the project had grown to seven volumes and it has expanded ever since. The first years were devoted to compiling a list of every mechanical invention and abstract idea that had been made and conceived in China. Science and Civilization in China These included cast iron, the ploughshare, the stirrup, gunpowder, printing, the magnetic compass and clockwork escapements, most of which were thought at the time to be western inventions. The first volume eventually appeared in 1954. Science and Civilization in China VOL. I. Introductory Orientations 导论 VOL. Ⅱ.History of Science Thought 科学思想史 VOL. Ⅲ.Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth 数学与天地科学 VOL. Ⅳ.Physics and Physical Technology物理与物理科技 New Words Orientation [??:ri?n?te??n] n.方向 定位 取向 外交等方针态度的确定 环境的判定 任职培训 Science and Civilization in China VOL. Ⅴ.Chemistry and Chemical Technology 化学与化学科技 VOL. Ⅵ. Biology and Biological Technology 生物与生物科技 VOL. Ⅶ. The Social Background社会背景 New Words magistery [‘m?d??st?r?] （炼金术或古代医药学中的）奇药，林丹妙药 Cinnabar [英][?s?n?bɑ:(r)] n. 朱砂，辰砂 Sy