高分子材料与应用 8 Functional Polymers.ppt

Electrical Conductivity of Materials Insulators s ~ 10-7 S cm-1 Semiconductors s ~ 10-7 to 102 S cm-1 Metals s 102 S cm-1 Units are expressed as resistivity (W cm) or conductivity (W-1 cm-1 or S cm-1) Quartz: s = 10-18 S cm-1 Silver/copper: s = 106 S cm-1 Interpretation of electrical conductivity in terms of simple energy band diagram For a current to flow, an applied electric field must impart kinetic energy to electrons by promoting them to higher energy band states Conductivity depends on the density of available filled and empty states Bulk electrical conductivity s s = enμn where e is the electronic charge of the carrier n is the carrier density (no. of carriers per unit volume) μn is the carrier mobility Charge transport: negative (n-type) or positive (p-type) carriers The Energy Band Gap Insulators Band Gap of several electron volts (eV) 1 eV = 8065.7 cm-1 or 1.602 ? 10-19 J The empty states are inaccessible by either electric field or thermal excitation Semiconductor Energy gaps 2 eV Thermal excitation across the gap is possible Pure silicon: s ~ 10-5 S cm-1 Number of carriers increases rapidly as the energy gap decreases Dopants can also increase the conductivity. They produce states in the energy gap that lie close to either the conduction or the valence band Conduction can be either due to electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type): s ~ 10-1 S cm-1 Conductivity decreases at low temperature (Boltzmann distribution of states) Metals Conductivity of materials increases as temperature decreases Thermal motion of the lattice and scattering processes are reduced True metallic behavior results when the energy gap between filled and empty states disappears What are the advantageous of using conducting polymers compared to metallic materials? Electrical Conductivity of Polymers Typical insulator Polyethylene s ~ 10-15 S cm-1 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) s ~ 10-16 S cm-1 Polystyrene s ~ 10-15 S cm-1 For saturated chemical structures, all the valence electronic