浇筑混凝土基础知识（英文）.pptVIP

Spacer（垫块） 混凝土，简称为砼(tóng):是指由胶凝材料将集料胶结成整体的工程复合材料的统称。通常讲的混凝土一词是指用水泥作胶凝材料，砂、石作集料;与水(可含外加剂和掺合料)按一定比例配合，经搅拌而得的水泥混凝土，也称普通混凝土，它广泛应用于土木工程。 Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. Sand, natural gravel, and crushed stone are used mainly for this purpose. 商混/预拌混凝土：the ready-mix concrete industry 和易性又称工作性，是指混凝土拌合物在一定的施工条件下，便于各种施工工序的操作，以保证获得均匀密实的混凝土的性能。和易性是一项综合技术指标，包括流动性（稠度）、粘聚性和保水性三个主要方面。 * Level total station Forms are containers erected in the field to give the concrete its desired shape. Workability can be measured by the concrete slump test, a simple measure of the plasticity of a fresh batch of concrete following the ASTM C 143 or EN 12350-2 test standards. Slump is normally measured by filling an Abrams cone with a sample from a fresh batch of concrete. The cone is placed with the wide end down onto a level, non-absorptive surface. It is then filled in three layers of equal volume, with each layer being tamped with a steel rod to consolidate the layer. When the cone is carefully lifted off, the enclosed material slumps a certain amount, owing to gravity. A relatively dry sample slumps very little, having a slump value of one or two inches (25 or 50 mm) out of one foot (305 mm). A relatively wet concrete sample may slump as much as eight inches. Workability can also be measured by the flow table test. Concrete must be kept moist during curing in order to achieve optimal strength and durability. Over 90% of a mixs final strength is typically reached within four weeks, with the remaining 10% achieved over years or even decades. Hydration and hardening of concrete during the first three days is critical. Traditional conditions for curing involve by spraying or ponding the concrete surface with water. Concrete Casting Genral Information Concrete, one of the most frequently used building materials, is a composite material（复合材料）composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time It is di