地流 Lecture 4 含湍流的方程及边界-涡度方程1.ppt

* x y z * x y z * w1 w2 * x y z * x y z * w1 w2 科氏力，粘性，斜压 与 外力无势是引起相对速度环量和相对涡通量发生变化的四大因素. * Equation of Circulation环量方程的解释 作业：描述涡度方程各项的意义 * * Ekman number 埃克曼数 Ek=n/(2f H2 ) = (n U/H2 )/(2f U) 粘性力/科氏力 The ratio of viscous forces in a fluid to Coriolis force arising from planetary rotation H is vertical length scale of a phenomenon, n is the kinematic viscosity运动粘性系数 f = 2 Ω sin φ is the Coriolis frequency, φ the latitude Ek1 viscosity can be neglected Ek~1 viscosity is important For ocean motion of L=103 km, 分子粘性m=10-6 m2/s, Ek~10-14 湍流Ekman number For geophysical flows, EH is small. For ocean, with an eddy viscosity AH as large as 10?2 m2/s(much larger than fluid viscosity 10-6 m2/s), ?= 7.3 × 10?5 s?1 and L = 10 km, vertical EH = 1.4 × 10?6. * Ek=湍流粘性力/科氏力 Only consider friction (turbulent shear) in Ekman layers The Ekman thickness, d, of a thin layer is such that the Ekman number is on the order of one at that scale, allowing friction to be a dominant force: * H is the fluid height of the motion For ocean at mid-latitude (?~10?4 s?1), eddy viscosity AV ~10?2 m2/s ，fluid thickness H as H=10m as H=100m Ek=湍流粘性力/科氏力 Ekman number Ekman depth/thickness (Ekman厚度) in atmosphere and sea flows * For ocean 海洋, with an eddy viscosity AV as large as 10?2 m2/s ，?= 7.3 × 10?5 s?1 d~10m H = 100 m For atmosphere 大气, with an eddy viscosity AV as large as 5 m2/s ，?= 7.3 × 10?5 s?1 d~103m=1km H = 10 km * 埃克曼层（Ekman layer）是流体中压力梯度力、科氏力和湍流粘性力三力平衡的一层, 粘性力不可忽视。由瑞典海洋学家埃克曼提出。埃克曼层理论适用于许多地区，包括大气层底部（接近地球表面和海洋），大洋底部（海床附近）和表层海水（海气界面附近） 研究边界层时, 需保留湍流粘性项 大气~1km, 海洋~10m量级 Although the Ekman number is small, indicating that the dissipative terms in the momentum equation may be negligible, these need to be retained when it is considered that vertical friction creates a very important boundary layer. * Richardson number Ri10, 密度差(热力因素)占主导地位 Ri~0.1-10,密度差和水平惯性力都重要 Ri0.1,水平惯性力主导，温度差和密度差可忽略 * 4.3 边界条件和初始条件 * 法向无渗透边界条件 w=dz/dt=db/dt 运动边界条件 * u db=w dx u db=w dy 法向无渗透边界条件 * 自由表面边界