语言学-language-and-society讲课资料.ppt

7.2 Language and Society;Language is not always used to exchange information as is generally assumed, but rather it is sometimes used to fulfill an important social function – to maintain social relationship between people. ;How does language relate to society;How does language relate to society ;How does language relate to society;How does language relate to society;How does language relate to society;Time ;Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）;Sociolinguistics;Sociolinguistics;Sociolinguistics;A Situationally and Socially Variationist Perspective 社会语境中的文体变异;语言的文体变异是指语言使用者在说话或写作中的语用变体。一个人的文体有时非常正式，有时比较随便， 有时甚至不登大雅之堂。 例如：一般中国人在家庭环境中使用家乡方言，在工作学习时使用普通话。 文体的差异主要是通过不同的发音、不同的语法结构或不同的词汇选择来实现的。 文体不仅可以指一个人对言语的习惯性使用，也可以指具有相同职业背景的人所共有的言语使用特征。 ;As far as the situational variation in language use concerned, the diversity and richness of some stylistic variants available for a person to choose when engaged in different types of communicative events. 说话人可以根据不同的交际情景与事件，选用不同的文体形式来表现同一信息内容。;Indefinite reference “you” is often used in informal English while “one” is often used in formal English. e.g: You never know what new measures the President will take. (informal) One never knows what new measures the President will take. (formal);In informal style “they” is often used as a pronoun referring to everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody. e.g: Has everyone finished doing their exercises? (informal) Has everyone finished doing his or her exercises? (formal);语言学家把人们因场合不同或角色不同而对自己的语言所作的调整称为语言变体或言语变体。 例如：同是“叫人坐下”这一言语要件,在不同的文化背景下,就可能使用多种不同的语言变体:如“坐!”、“坐下!”、“坐吧!”、“请坐吧!”、“请上座!”、“坐那儿吧。” 决定使用某种文体的因素包括交际的场合、交际双方的身分或关系、 交际的地点、交谈的题目等。 ;Language Variation --- a common language phenomena ;speech community: a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. 言语社区可以定义为构成一个社团的一群人，他们具有相同的语言或具有同一语言中某一特定的变体。 ;The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way,