第三章土壤有机质.pptVIP

第三章 土壤有机质Chapter 3: soil organic matter 土壤有机质是土壤固相的组成成分之一。是土壤中形成的和外部加入的所有动、植物残体不同分解阶段的各种产物和合成产物的总称。 　 表层土壤有机质含量一般在1%～10%，平均不到5%。尽管含量远不及矿物质，但有机质对土壤肥力的形成、维持和发展却起着关键作用。 What is Soil? 第一节 有机质的来源、类型及组成 （一）主要来源 （二）存在形态 （三）组成及性质 （一）主要来源 Sources of Soil Organic Matter 一般土壤： 生长在土壤中的高等绿色植物残体； 土壤中的动物和微生物。 其中进入土壤的植物残体是最主要的来源。 农业土壤： 施入的有机肥料； 作物的残体及根系分泌物。 其中人为对有机肥料的施用是最主要的来源。 （二）存在形态Categories of Soil Organic Matter 动、植物残体 半分解的动、植物残体 腐植物质 活的生物体 Fresh Residues Up to 15% of organic matter is fresh residue Comprised mainly of litter fall Much can be recognized as plant residue Decomposing Organic Matter Plant material is transformed from one organic compound to another mainly by organisms in the soil Organisms create by-products, wastes, and cell tissue Compounds released as waste by one organisms can often be used as food by another Soil Organic Matter =SOM SOM is labile* -it can decline rapidly if the soil environment changes and renewable -it can be replenished by inputs of organic material to the soil. Adequate levels of SOM can be maintained with proper fertilization, crop rotations, and tillage practices if crop residues are returned to the soil. * Labile = Constantly or readily undergoing chemical, physical, or biological change or breakdown; unstable. Stable Organic Matter -Humus Thus, soil organic compounds become stabilized and resistant to further changes by microorganisms Stabilized organic matter acts like a sponge and can absorb six times its weight in water HUMUS Newly-formed humus - a) combination of resistant materials from the original plant tissue, b) compounds synthesized as part of the microorganisms tissue which remain as the organisms die. (Fluvic and Humic Acid) humus is resistant to further microbial attack- N and P are protected from ready solubility. 第二节 土壤有机物质的分解与转化Decomposition of organic Matter （有机物料在土壤中的转化