提高元认知的准确性：提取练习项目失败如何降低过度自信.pptx

Improving metacognitive accuracy: How failing to retrieve practice items reduces overconfidence;abstract;The present experiments examined whether a small number of retrieval practice opportunities would improve participants’ metacognitive accuracy by reducing overconfidence. ;1. Introduction;Studies today show a similar pattern for college-aged participants. They predict that they will earn a much better score on a given test than they actually do (for one example see Hacker, Bol, Horgan, Rakow, 2000). People are also overconfident in other abilities, including their driving ability (Knouse, Bagwell, Barkley, Murphy, 2005). Ability to complete projects before deadlines (Buehler, Griffin, Ross, 1994).;More accurate metacognition is associated with better academic performance (Everson Tobias,1998) and memory performance (Thiede et al., 2003, 2005). Other studies have confirmed the link between accurate metacognition and improved performance (e.g., Nelson, Dunlosky, Graf, Narens, 1994). 准确的元认知在教育环境中尤其有利，更准确的元认知和更好的学业成绩(Everson Tobias,1998)和记忆成绩(Thiede et al., 2003, 2005)相关。其他的研究也证实准确的元认知和成绩的提高之间有关联(e.g., Nelson, Dunlosky, Graf, Narens, 1994)。;;1.1. The effects of testing on metacognition;Relationship between testing and metacognition? One, are people aware of the benefits of testing ? Answer is mixed. Two, does testing improve metacognition? Have little effect on metacognition accuracy (Karpicke Roediger,2008) 主要原因是强调测试对随后测试成绩的影响而没有关注元认知，另一个是缺少对照组。;1.2. The present experiments;We also examined the role of failure (vs. success) in retrieving a single practice item on subsequent judgments (Experiment 2) and how much failure is needed to improve the accuracy of participants’ predictions (Experiment 3). 实验2考察提取单个项目失败或成功对后来判断的作用，实验3考察失败多少次才能提高被试预测的准确性。 In each of the three experiments, participants were asked to make global performance predictions before and after engaging in retrieval practice or no retrieval practice. 每个实验中，在被试提取练习之前或提取练习之后或没有提取中都对总成绩