道路与桥梁工程专业英语教学课件作者柴秀智partⅳbridgeandtunnel.pptVIP

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道路与桥梁工程专业英语教学课件作者柴秀智partⅳbridgeandtunnel.ppt

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Fig. 2Mixed face ground 返回 * Unit 4—5 Tunnel Engineering Most of all .a tunnel exists because there is demonstrated need—to move people or material where no other means is practical or adequate，or to accomplish the required movement more directly，more quickly，or more safely. The need may be for storage，either short term as for storage of storm water flows to reduce the otherwise high peak capacities required of wastewater treatment plants，or longer term as for storage of vital raw material or products. 上一页下一页返回 Unit 4—5 Tunnel Engineering A tunnel also is more than a hole in the ground to provide for a desired movement of people or material. To accomplish the movement satisfactorily one or more of a variety of facilities in simple or complex form must be provided in addition to the continuous space. The most obvious need for highway tunnel is ventilation. Fresh air must be supplied in proportion to tunnel usage. The air also must be of reasonable purity this requires constant monitoring for pollutants and consequent adjustment of the air supply and exhaust. 上一页下一页返回 Unit 4—5 Tunnel Engineering Another essential for highway tunnel is some form and degree of lighting. In low-use rural tunnel，the vehicles headlights may suffice. In high-use(generally urban)tunnels，a sophisticated system of high-level adjustable lighting is necessary both for safety and for ensuring maximum appropriate speeds. 上一页下一页返回 Unit 4—5 Tunnel Engineering While ventilation and lighting are the most obvious of day-to-day tunnel operational needs，there is a greater need. That this need may arise only once every 10，25，or 50 years is unimportant because of the possible consequences when it does. All tunnels used for transport of people must have adequate fire life safety provisions. The need has always been obvious in rapid transit tunnels，but it has only recently been recognized for more spacious highway tunnels. 上一页下一页返回 Unit 4—5 Tunnel Engineering Fire