本科公司法第九章.pptVIP

（一）公司人格 人格：享有法律所规定的权利和义务 对公司享有人格的解释：创制实体理论，聚合理论，自然实体理论 公司是由两个或更多的自然人组成的，因而需要赋予公司组成公司的自然人所享有的人格。 Case: salomom V. Salomom Co.Ltd （四）适用的情形 key categories Insolvent trading （破产交易） Avoiding a legal obligation （规避法律责任） Fraud (欺诈) Corporate groups （企业集团） Agency （代理） Public policy (公共政策) 1、Insolvent trading（破产交易） In essence, insolvent trading occurs when the directors of the company fail to prevent the company incurring a debt even though there are reasonable grounds to suspect the company is insolvent or the debt will render it insolvent. 从本质上讲，破产交易发生在公司董事未能使公司避免陷入债务，即使有合理理由怀疑该公司破产或债务将导致其破产。 If a defense is not established, in these cases the directors are exposed to personal liability for the corporate debt. 如果辩护不成立，在这些案件中，董事将要为公司债务承担个人责任。 2、Avoiding a legal obligation （规避法律责任） The corporate veil will not be allowed to be used to avoid an existing legal obligation. 为规避已存在的法律责任时，公司的面纱将不被允许使用。 Jones v. Lipman the court would not allow Lipman to avoid completing a contract for the sale of his house by transferring the land to a company formed for this specific purpose. The court held the company was ‘a mask which [the defendant held] before his face in an attempt to avoid recognition by the eye of equity’. The court consequently lifted the corporate veil, ordering specific performance of the contract. Gilford Motor Co Ltd v. Horne Horne, while an employee of Gilford Motor Co Ltd, had covenanted not to solicit his previous employee’s clients were he to cease employment. To avoid this restrictive covenant Horne established a company to solicit the clients of his former employer. 3、Fraud（欺诈） The company use the veil to perpetuate a fraud. 案例：Darby Darby and another person, Gyde, both undercharged bankrupts, floated a company in the Channel Islands. Darby and Gyde were shareholders and its first and only directors and managers. This ‘dummy’ company in turn promoted another company, to which it sold property at a vast overvalue. The latter company was funded by publi