孙武和孙膑历来都称为孙子 .pptVIP

Geometrical Visions The distinctive styles of Klein and Lie Uses and Abuses of Style as an Explanatory Concept Style: a vague and problematic notion Particularly problematic when extended to mathematical schools, research communities or national traditions (Duhem on German vs. French science) Or when used to discredit opponents (Bieberbach’s use of racial stereotypes against Landau and others) Types of Mathematical Creativity Hilbert as an algebraist, even when doing geometry Poincaré as a geometer, even when doing analysis Weyl commenting on Hilbert’s Zahlbericht Van der Waerden (algebraist) accounting for why Weyl (analyst) gave up Brouwer‘s intuitionism Different Views of Hilbert’s Work on Foundations of Geometry Hans Freudenthal emphasized the modern elements; how he broke the umbilical cord that connected geometry with investigations of the natural world Leo Corry emphasizes the empiricist elements that motivated Hilbert’s axiomatic approach to geometry but also his larger program for axiomatizing all exact sciences Hilbert as a Classical Geometer Hilbert’s work can also be seen within the classical tradition of geometric problem solving (Pappus, Descartes) Greek tradition: construction with straight edge and compass, conics (Knorr) Descartes: more general instruments used to construct special types of algebraic curves (Bos) Hilbert, like Descartes, saw geometric problem solving as a paradigm for epistemology Methodological challenge: to develop a systematic way to determine whether a well-posed geometrical problem can be solved with specified means Descartes showed that a problem which can be transformed into a quadratic equation can be solved by straight edge and compass 19th-century mathematicians used new methods to prove that trisecting an angle and doubling a cube could not be constructed using Euclidean tools Impossibility Proofs Ferdinand Lindemann showed in 1882 that π is a transcendental number So even Descartes’ system of algebraic curves is insu