展频通讯Spread解读.pptVIP

Physical Layer Overview 展頻通訊（Spread Spectrum） 原始目的是用於軍事上的保密通訊，並可抵制敵方的刻意干擾 802.11的實體層所採用的即為展頻通訊技術中的「跳頻展頻」（Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum，簡稱FHSS或FH）技術 、802.11b與802.11g的實體層所採用「直接序列展頻」（Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum，簡稱DSSS或DS）技術 展頻通訊: 延展通訊時所用到的頻帶寬度，使得所占用的頻寬遠大於要傳送原始資料所需的最小速率 展頻通訊的優點 抑制故意的干擾 竊聽的困難度較高 可用於定位系統 可提供多人同時共用無線頻道 抑制故意的干擾 竊聽的困難度較高 可用於定位系統 可提供多人同時共用無線頻道 展頻通訊中所使用延展信號為一特定之代碼串列，只要每個頻道的使用者所使用的代碼串列彼此獨立（也就是線性代數理論上所謂的「正交」（Orthogonal））可以形成多人公用頻道的狀況 直接序列展頻 直接序列展頻的原理為將原始資料速率為 的資料串列轉換成一資料速率為 偽隨機代碼串列， 以所得之偽隨機代碼串列進行調變才傳遞去。 BPSK直接序列展頻系統之信號PSD 偽隨機碼（也就是片序列）的選取原則 「偽雜訊序列」（Pseudo-Noise（PN）Sequence） 若N為序列的週期，則 二進位的週期性序列是否具有類似雜訊的特性 ? 平衡（balance）： 在一個週期的序列中，二進位1（+1）的個數與二進位0（-1）的個數最多只相差一個。 同號連續（Run）： 長度為一的同號連續的個數要佔該序列所有同號連續總數的一半，長度為二的同號連續要占總數的1/4，長度為四的同號連續要占總數的1/8， 相關性運算（correlation）： 一個序列若要具有類雜訊的特性，其比較後的結果最好是相同數值的總位元數與相異數值的總位元數最多只差1。 The ISM PHYs: FH, DS, and HR/DS 802.11 FH PHY The electronics used to support frequency-hopping modulation are relatively cheap and do not have high power requirements. The main advantage to using frequency-hopping networks was that a greater number of networks could coexist and the aggregate throughput of all the networks in a given area was high. Frequency-Hopping Transmission Timing the hops accurately is the key to success; both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized so the receiver is always listening on the transmitter’s frequency. Each frequency is used for a small amount of time, called dwell time. (max: 390 time units) 1 TU= 1024 micro-sec. Usually, beacon interval=100TU=0.1 sec. 19TU is suggested by 802.11. The hopping process can take no longer than 224 micro-sec. Hopping sequences that do not overlap are called orthogonal. 802.11 FH details Channels are defined by their center frequencies, which begin at 2.400 GHz for channel 0. 99% of the radio energy is confined to the channel. Successive channels are derived by adding 1-MHz steps: Channel 1 has a center frequency of 2.401GHz Channel 2 has a cente