脂肪酸的代谢3.pptxVIP

二、 其他脂类的生物合成;Phosphatidic acid in lipid biosynthesis. Phosphatidic acid is the precursor of both triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids. The mechanisms for head-group attachment in phospholipid synthesis are described later in this section.;Some of the fatty acids released into the blood are used for energy (in muscle, for example), and some are taken up by the liver and used in triacylglycerol synthesis. The triacylglycerol formed in the liver is transported in the blood back to adipose tissue, where the fatty acid is released by extracellular lipoprotein lipase, taken up by adipocytes, and reesterified; Insulin stimulates conversion of dietary carbohydrates and proteins to fat. Individuals with diabetes mellitus lack insulin; in uncontrolled disease, this results in diminished fatty acid synthesis, and the acetyl-CoA arising from catabolism of carbohydrates and proteins is shunted instead to ketone body production. People in severe ketosis smell of acetone, so the condition is sometimes mistaken for drunkenness.;Glyceroneogenesis. The pathway is essentially an abbreviated version of gluconeogenesis, from pyruvate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), followed by conversion of DHAP to glycerol 3-phosphate, which is used for the synthesis of triacylglycerol.;Regulation of glyceroneogenesis. (a) Glucocorticoid hormones stimulate glyceroneogenesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, while suppressing glyceroneogenesis in the adipose tissue (by reciprocal regulation of the gene expressing PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the two tissues); this increases the flux through the triacylglycerol cycle. ;Thiazolidinediones activate a nuclear receptor called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), which induces the activity of PEP carboxykinase. Therapeutically, thiazolidinediones increase the rate of glyceroneogenesis, thus increasing the resynthesis of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue and reducing the amount of free fatty acid in the blood.;2.真核细胞中磷脂的合成;Initiall