完全竞争与完全垄断市场中价格与产量的决定.pptVIP

* * * * The shutdown rule, in plain English, says: If the cost of shutting down is less than the benefit, the firm should shut down. * * * * In edit mode, it looks like the text boxes are on top of each other. But in presentation mode, the text boxes display only one at a time. * * * Rather than tell students that profit equals (P – ATC) x Q, this exercise requires students to figure it out for themselves. If this exercise is too easy for your students, you can replace it with lecture slides that appear at the end of this file. * * * The height of the rectangle is P – ATC, profit per unit. The width of the rectangle is Q, the number of units. The area of the rectangle = height x width = (profit per unit) x (number of units) = total profit. * * * Students that didn’t figure out the answer to the previous exercise should be able to get this one. If this exercise is too easy for your students, you can replace it with lecture slides that appear at the end of this file. Note that the statement “assuming AVC $3” is needed to prevent shut-down, i.e. to insure that the firm produces Q=30 instead of Q=0. * * * The height of the rectangle is ATC – P, loss per unit. The width of the rectangle is Q, the number of units. The area of the rectangle = height x width = (loss per unit) x (number of units) = total loss. * * 企业关闭（shut-down）与企业退出（exit）不同：关闭指企业停止生产，但企业还在这个行业存在，仍需支付固定成本。退出是一个长期的概念，即企业离开这个行业。 * 主动学习 3 参考答案 * 损失 MR P = $3 Q 成本， P MC ATC 竞争性企业 单位损失= $2 总损失= (ATC – P) x Q = $2 x 30= $60 $5 30 0 * 亏损为全部FC的 短期均衡：AVC=PAC 几种短期均衡的情形 Q O $ AVC MC AC A’ d1=AR1=MR1 E1 P1 d2=AR2=MR2 P2 E2 A Q1 Q2 E3 d3=AR3=MR3 P3 d4=AR4=MR4 P4 E4 Q4 B’ 亏损最小的短期 均衡：AVCPAC 获取超额利润的 短期均衡：PAC 超额利润为零的 短期均衡：P=AC E2：收支相抵点 (break-even point) E4：停产点或关闭点(shut-down point) 利润 Q3 B 损失 图6－5 完全竞争厂商的盈亏 * 厂商短期均衡 几点结论： 厂商是否实现了利润最大或亏损最小，取决于P与MC的比较：若P=MC，利润最大或亏损最小； 厂商盈余还是亏损，取决于P与AC的比较：若PAC，有盈余，若PAC，有亏损； 厂商生产还是不生产，取决于P与AVC的比较：若PAVC，应生产，若PAVC，应停产。 * 短期供给曲线 厂商短期产