chap2shengtai全球气候系统详解.pptxVIP

Chapter 2 The system of global climate第2章 全球气候系统Climate is the state factor that most strongly governs the global patternof ecosystem structure and function气候是状态因素，最强有力地控制着全球的生态系统结构和功能的模式 地形气候干扰干扰机制微气候/小气候时间生态系统过程生态系统的发展资源演替功能类型潜在的生物母质Climate is a key mechanism by which ecosystems interact with the total Earth System气候是一个关键机制,通过生态系统与整个地球系统交互 环境地球系统科学气候学水文生态系统生态学群落生态学土壤学地球化学种群生态学机制生理生态学Major goals in this lecture这节课的主要目标 Understand how the climate system worksEnable you to predict the climate any place on Earth理解气候系统是如何工作的 使你能预测地球上任何地方的气候空间射出辐射能量输入=能量输出Energy in = energy outHalf of solar radiationreaches EarthThe atmosphere is transparent to shortwave but absorbs longwave radiation(greenhouse effect)The atmosphere is heated from the bottom by longwave radiation and convection入射太阳辐射短波长波对流由H2O、CO2、O3所造成的辐射一半的太阳辐射到达地球由大气造成的后向散射云层辐射/发射由云层造成的后向散射H2O、尘埃、O3的吸收云层、CO2、O3的净吸收大气对短波是透明的，但是会吸收长波辐射（温室效应）云的吸收对流混合大气地表反射净长波二次辐射地表大气从底部被加热，通过长波辐射和对流/传递 直接太阳辐射的吸收天空漫反射的吸收与云辐射感热通量/显热通量潜热通量The temperature of a body determineswavelengths of energy emittedSolar radiation has high energy (shortwave) that readily penetratesthe atmosphereEarth emits low-energy (longwave)radiation that is absorbed by theatmosphere太阳入射辐射身体的温度决定能量释放的波长 太阳辐射具有较高的能量(短波)，容易穿透大气层 地面输出辐射可见区域地表发射出较低的能量(长波)辐射，可以被大气吸收吸收率波长The atmosphere is heated from thebottomTherefore it is warmest near the and gets colder with increasingelevation电离层/热层从底部加热大气中间层顶因此，在底部附近是最温暖的，随着海拔增加会逐渐更冷中间层/逸散层高度平流层顶/同温层上线平流层/同温层珠穆朗玛峰对流层顶对流层温度Uneven heating of Earth’s surface causes atmospheric circulationGreater heating at equator than poles 1. sun’s rays hit more directly 2. less atmosphere to penetrate地球表面的不均匀加热会导致大气环流大气赤道比两极加热程度大1.太阳光线直射程度大2.大气渗透少太阳光Therefore 1. Net gain of energy at equator 2. Net loss of energy at poles因此1.在赤道地区能量是净增加的2.在两极地区能量是净损耗的地表地轴Air rises at equator and subsides at poles(vertical circulation)Circulation cells explain global distribution of rainfallEarth’s rotation determineswind direction (horizontal circulation) (Corioli