材料成型的基础.ppt

(3)窗口：窗口是X射线从阳极靶向外射出的地方。 (4)焦点：焦点是指阳极靶面被电子束轰击的地方，正是从这块面积上发射出X射线。 Debye 相机 现已很少用 X射线管 X射线管的结构 特殊构造的X射线管 市场上供应的种类 厂家：丹东射线仪器厂 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 高分辨衍射仪 （D8-Discovre型，Bruker公司1999年产品） Like light, X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with very short wavelengths. Thus, X-rays photons have high energy, and they penetrate (穿透) opaque (不透明) material, but absorbed by materials containing heavy elements. When light passes through a series of equal-spaced pinholes, it gives rise to a pattern due to wave interference, and such a phenomenon is known as diffraction. X-rays have wavelengths comparable to the inter atomic distances of crystals, and the interference patterns are developed by crystals when a beam of X-rays passes a crystal or a sample of crystal powder. The phenomena are known as diffraction of X-rays by crystals. ( X-rays are electromagnetic radiation of wavelength about 1 ? (1-10 nm), which is about the same size as an atom. ) Reflection of x-rays from two planes of atoms in a solid The path difference between two waves: 2 x wavelength= 2dsin(theta) For constructive interference between these waves, the path difference must be an integral number of wavelengths: n x wavelength= 2dsin(theta) 产生衍射的极限条件 根据布拉格方程，Sin ?不能大于1， 因此： 对衍射而言，n的最小值为1，所以在任何可观测的衍射角下，产生衍射的条件为?2d，这也就是说，能够被晶体衍射的电磁波的波长必须小于参加反射的晶面中最大面间距的二倍，否则不能产生衍射现象。 Purpose of X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress (残余应力)Measurement Qualitative (定性) Phase Analysis Quantitative (定量) Phase Analysis Precise Lattice Parameter Determination Fingerprint characterization of crystalline materials Determination of their structure X-Rays and Crystalline Solids In 1912, Maxwell von Laue recognized that X-rays would be scattered by atoms in a crystalline solid if there is a similarity in spatial scales. If the wavelength and the interatomic distances a