现代英语语法 考试各章重点-.docVIP

Main points of Grammar Chapter One - The Structure of the English Sentence 1. Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order: A text consists of one or more sentences A sentence consists of one or more clauses A clause consists of one or more phrases A phrase consists of one or more words A word consists of one or more morphemes 2. Terms: (1 Morpheme: Morphemes are the minimal meaningful elements. (2 Free morpheme: A morpheme that can occur in isolation is termed a “free morpheme”. (3 Bound morphemes: A morpheme that can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morpheme is termed a “bound morpheme” (4 Root: A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed. (5 Stem: A stem has to do with inflectional features and is the part that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. (6 Base: A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 3. Words are classified in terms of three factors: the environment, the internal structure, the meaning 4. Words classes Open classes: noun, adjective, adverb, verb Closed classes: determiner, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, auxiliary Marginal classes: numerals, interjections 5. Words in the open classes are determined on the basis of three criteria: meaning (semantic or notional angle, form (morphology, function (syntactic 6. the word-formations: (1 Affixation: Affixation is a kind of word-formation approach that it attaches a lesser morpheme. The general term includes: prefixes, infixes and suffixes. (2 Composition: A compound, the product of composition, is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. (3 Conversion: Conversion is the derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. (4 Blending: Blending is a kind of word-formation that a new word is formed from parts of two other words. (5 Back-formation: Back-formation re