电子专业英语lesson27-computer networks.pptVIP

Unit Five Technology Computer Networks In general a computer network, as we know today, may be said to have gotten its start with the ARPANET development in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The initial ARPANET design had a definite structure of network architecture and introduced another key concept: protocol layering. Much of our present knowledge about network is a direct result of the ARPANET project. The ISO, in the late 1970s, formulated a reference model to provide a common basis for the coordination of standards developments and to allow existing and evolving standards activities to be placed into perspective with one another. The ultimate aim was to allow an application process in any computer that supported the applicable standards to freely communicate with an application process in any other computer supporting the same standard, irrespective of its origin of manufacture. This model was termed the ISO Reference Model for Open System Interconnection. It should be stressed, however, that this model is not concerned with specific applications of computer communication networks. Rather, it is concerned with the structuring of the communication software that is needed to provide a reliable, data transparent communication service (which is independent of any specific manufactures equipment or conventions) to support a wide range of applications. A network is a series of points interconnected by communication lines, located at the points are computer, switching devices, and/or user terminals. A typical network includes the following components: host computers, nodes, terminal controllers, and terminals. The two basic types of networks are local-area (LAN) and wide-area network (WAN). A local-area network is two or more computers directly linked within a small area such as a room, building, or group of closely placed buildings. A wide-area network is two or more computers that are