电子与通信技术专业英语Unit Ⅳ－22.pptx

;;;;;;; An ultimate goal of AI research is to develop a computer system that can learn concepts (ideas) as well as facts, make commonsense decisions, and do some planning. In other words, the goal is to eventually create a “thinking, learning” computer.; 人工智能的一个最终目标是开发一种能够从概念及事实中进行学习、做出符合常识的决策，并能进行某种计划的计算机系统。换句话说，目标是最终造出一台能够“思维和学习”的计算机。; A computer program is a set of instructions that enables a computer to process information and solve problems. Most programs are fairly rigid--they tell the computer exactly what to do, step by step. AI programs are, however, exceptions to this rule. They can take short-cuts, make choices, search for and try out different solutions, and change their methods of operation.; 计算机程序是一组使计算机能够处理信息并进行决策的指令。大多数程序相当刻板——它们精确地告诉计算机一步一步做什么。而人工智能程序则不遵守这一规律。它们能够寻找捷径、做出选择、探索和实验不同的答案，并改变解决方案等。; In many AI programs, facts are arranged to enable the computer to tell how many pieces of information relate to each other and to a given problem. “If／then” rules of reasoning are also programmed in to enable the computer to select, organize, and update its information. According to these rules, if something is true, then certain things must follow. Every action makes new possible actions available.; 许多人工智能程序把有关事实组织起来，使计算机有可能把不同的信息相互关联，并和某个给定的课题也关联起来。“如果/那么”这一推理规律也被编到程序里去，使计算机能够对信息进行取舍，组织和更新。根据这一规则，若某事为真，另一些事必随之发生，每一步行动必引出一些新的可能的行动。; Programs to play chess have been around since the early days of electronic computers, but they tended to be rigid and limited by the skills of the program designer. Detailed instructions on what moves to make and how to respond to an opponent’s moves were written into a program. Sometimes the suggestions of several chess experts were included. However, such programs seldom defeated human chess experts. The computer program would tend to be strong in the opening part of the game, but would weaken as the game went on.. ; 在电子计算机问世的早期，弈棋程序就已经存在了，但这些程序比较僵化，且受到程序设计人员能力的限制。走哪一步棋、怎样应付对方的棋步等详细的指令都定在程序里。有时程序中也采纳一些象棋专家的建议。但这样的程序很少能战胜象棋高手。计算