文学第十五周A-Farewell-to-Arms.pptVIP

Writing style (iceberg principle) 1. What is the iceberg principle? 2. How does Hemingway use it in The Old Man and the sea? 3. Which phrases embody this principle fully? Iceberg principle “I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate排除 and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesnt show. If a writer omits something because he does not know it then there is a hole in the story.” His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning. The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing. Certainly, there are moments when the reader feels the suggestion of vast meaning beneath Hemingway‘s few, spare words用词精简. Code hero硬汉形象 The “Hemingway Code” of manhood does not involve mere physical strength, sexual potency, or ability to accumulate (or spend) wealth. According to this code, a man is defined by will, pride, and endurance: the endurance to accept pain, even loss-when the loss cannot be avoided; the pride of knowing that one has done one‘s best, with the courage to act truly according to one’s own nature; and the will to face defeat or victory without whining哀叫 on one hand or boasting 自夸on the other. Emphasis on Emotion He was interested in conveying a deep emotional feeling. He did have some realistic techniques, but on the whole he was not like the realistic writers because he was more interested in conveying his personal emotion. And this is the goal of many modernist writers --- recreate the feelings of the situation or experience in the reader, arouse an involuntary subjective response. Colloquial style口语化风格 influence from Mark Twain(local color, vernacular language方言) and his journalist career Concrete, specific, common-found words Simple, short, even ungrammatical sentences Direct, clear and positive style, yet highly connotative The style was described as