材料力学专业英语.pptxVIP

Chapter1 Tension and Compression;Axially Loaded Bar; 首先我们研究最简单情况：一等截面金属直杆在其两端承受一对共线、反向力的作用。这两个力的作用线与各截面形心组成的纵向轴线重合，为了满足静力学平衡条件，这两个力的数值必须相等。如果这两个力的方向是离开此杆的，杆将承受拉伸；如果这两个力是指向此杆的，杆将承受压缩，如图1-1所示。; Under the action of this pair of applied forces, internal resisting forces are set up within the bar and their characteristics may be studied by imagining a plane to be passed through the bar anywhere along its length and oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bar. Such a plane is designated as a-a in Fig. 1-2(a). ;If for purposes of analysis the portion of the bar to the right of this plane is considered to be removed, as in Fig. 1-2(b), then it must be replaced by whatever effect it exerts upon the left portion. By this technique of introducing a cutting plane, the originally internal forces now become external with respect to the remaining portion of the body. For equilibrium of the portion to the left this “effect” must be a horizontal force of magnitude P. However, this force P acting normal to the cross-section a-a is actually the resultant of distributed forces acting over this cross section in a direction normal to it. ;为了分析计算，可考虑将此截面右侧的杆段除去，如图1-2（b）所示。因而，必须补充右侧杆段对左侧杆段的作用。用此处引入的截面法，初始的内力便成为保留杆段的外力。为使左侧杆段平衡，这种效应在数值上等于水平力P。然而，沿截面a-a法向作用的力P实际上是截面上法向分布力合成的结果。; Instead of speaking of the internal force acting on some small element of area, it is better for comparative purposes to treat the normal force acting over a unit area of the cross section. The intensity of normal force per unit area is termed the normal stress and is expressed in units of force per unit area, e,g., 1N/m2. ;替代讨论作用在某处小面积上内力，最好转为处理单位面积上法向力。单位面积上法向力的强度称为法应力，它是用单位面积上的作用力单位表示的，亦即1;If the forces applied to the ends of the bar are such that the bar is in tension, then tensile stresses are set up in the bar; if the bar is in compression we have compressive stresses. It is essential that the line of action of the applied end forces pass through the centroid of each