人类语言学共性.docVIP

1582 Standardized If a language has a causative morpheme which expresses permissiveness, this morpheme usually combines with a larger group of verbal stems in this meaning than in its second meaning, factitivity, which is implied by the first. 标准表达式 如果一种语言有一个使役语素表达放纵的意思，那么这个语素比起在第二意思中，通常在本义中结合了更多组动词性质的词干，后接宾语和补语，暗含于本义当中。 1583 Standardized The following four causative oppositions: (1) laugh - make laugh, amuse; (2) boil - bring to boil; (3) burn - ignite (of a paper); (4) break, get broken - break in two (of a stick),display varying predispositions to expression by one or another formal opposition. Thus, A. The probability that a formal opposition with a causative morpheme will appear decreases from the first causative opposition to the fourth. B. The probability that a formal opposition with an anticausative morpheme will appear increases from the first causative opposition to the fourth. C. The probability that a conversive formal opposition will appear increases from the second causative opposition to the fourth (it was not not found at all in the first). D. Suppletive formal oppositions are encountered almost exclusively in the second and third causative oppositions, which indicates that there is a greater tendency for the first and fourth semantic oppositions to be expressed by one and the same root morpheme. 标准表达式 下面四组使役对立：（1）笑-使…笑，使欢乐；(2)沸腾-使沸腾；（3）流浪，乞讨-点燃（纸张）；（4）打破，被打破-破碎成两半（从一根） 显示多种不同倾向的表达的一个或另一个正式的反意词。因此 A.一个有着使役语素的正式的反意词可能性会出现从第一个使役反意词到第四个的减少。 B.一个有着非使役语素的正式的反意词可能性会出现从第一个使役反意词到第四个的增加 C.后正式对立会使可能性出现从第二使役反意词到第四的增加（这在第一项中也可以发现） D.替补的正式对立遇见的几乎完全是是第二和第三个使役对立，这表明存在一个更大的趋势也就是第一和第四的语义对立表达的是同一个词根语素。 1584 Standardized IF culturally basic possessed items are among ‘inalienables’, THEN part-whole and/or spatial relations are included in the ‘inalienable’ class as well. IF part-whole and/or spatial relations are among ‘inalienables’, THEN kin terms and/or body parts are included in the ‘inalienable’ class as well. 标准表达式 如果文化基本具备项目在’不可分割’范围中，那么部分和/或空间关系也在’