壅塞流(临界流、阻塞流、窒息流、Choked Flow)简介英文版.ppt

Restriction Choked Flow Restriction and Choked Flow Restriction Restriction is mainly used to achieve controlled or restricted flow of process medium. Such as orifice, venturi tube, control valve, etc. Choked flow A flowing fluid can reach a limiting condition when passing through a restriction, that the mass flow will not increase with a further decrease in the downstream pressure while at a given upstream pressure and temperature. This is called Choked Flow. Restriction and Choked flow in Chemical Engineering Positive application One application of choked flow is in cracking reactors. Maintaining equal flow through parallel reactor tubes is essential to ensure even residence time in the cracking reactor. Installing a restriction orifice at the?entrance of each reactor tube achieves choked flow. Provided that choked flow is maintained, flowrates are not affected by any variation in reactor tube pressure drop. Negative effect It is usually desirable to avoid choking conditions in a liquid system, because it often accompanies cavitation, two-phase flow which can damage equipment. Choked Flow Choked Flow in Gases Critical Pressure Ratio Mass Flow Rate Choked Flow in Liquids Valve Max Allowable Pressure Drop Cavitation and flashing Choked Flow in Gases Choked flow is a limiting condition that when gas passing the restriction in pipe the flow will not increase with a further decrease in the downstream pressure while upstream condition is fixed. Choked flow occurs when gas velocities across a restriction in the flow path become SONIC i.e. at a Mach number of 1.? Choked flow is independent of restriction downstream conditions. Any further drop in the downstream pressure will not result in an increase in gas flow. Choked Flow in Gases --Critical Pressure Ratio The pressure ratio (Downstream Pressure / Upstream Pressure) at which choked flow occurs is known as the Critical Pressure Ratio. Assuming isentropic flow, it can be calculated using the following equation: