精心整理精选概述新版汇总新版中国文化1精选出现新版最新.pptVIP

The definitions of culture Culture is really a large and evasive concept, very complex and difficult to define. It is said that there have been at least over 150 definitions of culture, but none of them seems to be tell us everything about culture. The following definitions are just some of the well-known ones. Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. (Sapir,1921) What really binds men together is their culture----the ideas and the standards they have in common. (R. Benedict,1935 精选 * (3)By “culture”, anthropology means the total life way of a people, the social legacy the individual acquires from his group. Or culture can be regarded as that part of the environment that is the creation of man. (Clyde Kluckhohn, 1965) (4)A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas. (D. Brown, 1978) (5)…culture refers to the total way of life of particular groups of people. It includes everything that a group of people thinks, says, does, and makes. (R. Kohs. 1979) 精选 * 2.The classification of culture (1)overt culture and covert culture Overt culture includes art, architecture, geography, politics, festivals, celebrations, scenic spots, etc. Covert culture is composed of national customs, social contacts, modes of thing, values, etc. (2)Intellectual culture and communicative culture Intellectual culture includes society, politics, economy, art, history, philosophy, literature, etec. Communicative culture includes social customs, living habits, mode of thinking, behavioral norms, etc. (3)high-context culture and low-context culture 精选 * High-context cultures emphasize the context in which a communication takes place; they pay a great deal of attention to implicit, nonverbal messages. Asian, Arab, and Mediterranean cultures belong to high-context cultures. Low-context cultures place less emphasis on the context of a communication