开放经济的宏观经济学基本概念.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 实际汇率与名义汇率Real and Nominal Exchange Rates 国际交易受到国际价格的影响。 International transactions are influenced by international prices. 两个最重要的国际价格就是名义汇率与实际汇率。 The two most important international prices are the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate. * 名义汇率Nominal Exchange Rates 名义汇率是人们用一国通货交换另一国通货的比率。 The nominal exchange rate is the rate at which a person can trade the currency of one country for the currency of another. * 名义汇率Nominal Exchange Rates 名义汇率可用两种方法来表示： The nominal exchange rate is expressed in two ways: 用每一美元对应的国外通货的单位数。 In units of foreign currency per one U.S. dollar. 用国外一单位通货对应的美元的单位数。 And in units of U.S. dollars per one unit of the foreign currency. * 名义汇率Nominal Exchange Rates 假定日元与美元之间的汇率是80日元对1美元 Assume the exchange rate between the Japanese yen and U.S. dollar is 80 yen to one dollar. 一美元换得80日元。 One U.S. dollar trades for eighty yen. 一日元换得1/80(=0.0125)美元。 One yen trades for 1/80 (=0.0125) of a dollar. * 名义汇率Nominal Exchange Rates 如果一美元能够买到更多的国外通货，美元就有一个升值。 If a dollar buys more foreign currency, there is an appreciation of the dollar. 如果买到更少，美元就有一个贬值。 If it buys less there is a depreciation of the dollar. 实际汇率Real Exchange Rates 实际汇率是一个人用一国物品与服务交换另一国物品与服务的比率。 The real exchange rate is the rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another. * 实际汇率Real Exchange Rates 实际汇率比较了国内物品与在国内经济中的国外物品的价格。 The real exchange rate compares the prices of domestic goods and foreign goods in the domestic economy. 如果以美元记价的一箱德国啤酒比美国啤酒贵一倍，实际汇率就是