语言学2017-知识点总结.pdfVIP

Unit 1 一：.Important distinction in linguistics 1:prescriptive and descriptive (规范性和描述性） If the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use , it is said to be descriptive.(be in or actually) If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive.(should be) 2:synchronic and diachronic (共识的和历时的） synchronic is the description of a language at some point of time in history. diachronic is the description of language as it changes through time. 3.speech and writing Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. 4.langue and parole (语言和言语） Langue refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use. 5. Competence and performance （语言的能力和表现） competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language ;performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 6.traditional grammar and modern linguistics (传统语法和现代 语言学） 二.Design features of language  arbitrariness(任意性）：it means there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds.  productivity （生产性） :language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.  duality （双重性）：language is a system,which consists of two sets of structure of levels.  displacement(替 代 性 ） ： language can be used to refers to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.  cultural transmissio